H.L. TREHAN AND ORS. ETC. v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. ETC.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DUTT, J. Of these three appeals by special leave, we may first of all deal with Civil Appeal No. 3214 of 1979 for, admittedly, the disposal of that appeal will virtually mean the disposal of the other two appeals. The said Civil Appeal No. 3214 of 1979 is directed against the judgment of the Delhi High Court whereby the High Court has c quashed a circular dated March 8, 1978 issued by the Board of Directors of Caltex Oil Refinery (India) Ltd. (for short 'CORIL'), a Government Company, on the writ petition filed by the employees of CORIL being Writ Petition No. 426 of 1978. D The Caltex (Acquisition of Shares of Caltex Refining (India) Ltd. and of the undertakings in India c;if Caltex (India) Ltd.) Act 17 of 1977, hereinafter referred to as 'the Act', was enacted by the Union Parliament and came into force with effect from April 23, 1977, The "I Act provides for the acquisition of shares of CORIL and for the =i acquisition and transfer of the right, title and interest of Caltex (India) E "' Ltd .. in relation to its Undertakings in India with a view to ensuring ~.. co-ordinated distfibution and utilisation of petroleum products.

Under section 3 of the Act, the shares in the capital of the CORILS stood transferred to and vested in the Central Government on the appointed day being December 30, 1976. Under section 5, the F right, title and interest of Caltex (India) Ltd. in relation to its Under- takings in India stood transferred to and vested in the Central Govern- ment on the appointed day. Section 9 of the Act provides that the Central Government may by a notification direct that the right, title and interest and the liabilities of Caltex (Inida) Ltd. in relation to any of its Undertakings in India shall, instead of continuing to vest in the. G Central Government, vest in the Government Company either on the date of the notification or on such earlier or later date not being a date earlier than the appointed day, as may be specified in the notification. Section 11(2) provides that subject to rules made in this behalf under section 23, every whole-time officer or other employee of CORIL would on the appointed day continue to be an officer or other H

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A employee of CORIL on the same terms and conditions and with the same rights to pension, gratuity and other matters as are admissible to him immediately before that day and shall continue to hold such office , unless and until his employment under CORIL is duly terminated or until his remuneration and conditions of service are duly altered by thaf company. B The Chairman of the Board of Directors of CORIL issued the impugned circular dated Match .8, 1978, inter alia, stating therein that consequent upon the take over of the Caltex (India) Ltd. by the Government, the question of rationalisation of the perquisites and allowances admissible to Management Staff had been under considera- tion ·Of the Board for sometime, and that as an interim measure, the c Board had decided that the perquisites admissible to the Management Staff should be rationalised in the manner stated in the said circular.

At this stage, it may be mentioned that by the Caltex Oil Refi- nery (India) Ltd. and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Amalga- D mation Order, 1978 which was published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated May 9, 1978, the Undertaking of CORIL was ·transferred to and vested in Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. which thus became a Government Company referred to in section 9 of the Act.

E After the issue of the said circular, the respondent's Nos. 1 to 4, who were some of the employees of CORIL, filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court being Civil Writ Petition No. 426 of 1978 challenging the legality and validity of the impugned order. It was submitted by the said respondents that under the said circular the terms and conditions of service of the employees of CORIL had been substantially and F adversely altered to their prejudice.

At the hearing of the said writ petition before the High Court it "'~s contended on behalf of the respondents Nos. 1 to 4 that the notifi- cation issued under section 9 of the Act vesting the management of the Undertakings of Caltex (India) Ltd. in CORIL was ultra vires sub- G section (1) of section 9. It was contended that the provision of sub- section (1) of section 11 of the Act offended against the provisions of Articles 14, 19 and 31 of the Constitution of India and, as such, it should be struck down. Further, it was contended that there was no valid classification between the contracts referred to in section 11(1) and· section 15 of the Act. It was urged that unguided and arbitrary powers had been vested in the official by sub-section (1) of section 11

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for the alteration of the terms and conditions of service of the employees. Besides the above contentions, another contefiiion was. .; advanced on behalf of the respondents Nos. 1and4, namely, that the employees not having been given an opportunity of being heard before altering to their prejudice the terms and conditions of service, the impugned circular should be struck down as void being opposed to the principles of natural justice. 8

All the contentions except the last contention of the respondents. Nos. 1 to 4 were rejected by the High Court. The High Court, how- ever' took the view that as no opportunity was given to the employees of CORIL before the impugned circular was issued, the Board of Directors of CORIL acted illegally and in violation of the principles of natural justice. In that view of the matter, the High Court quashed the c impugned circular. Hence this appeal by special leave.

It is not disputed that the employees were not given any oppor- tunity of being heard before the impugned circular dated. March 8, 1978 was issued. It is, however, submitted by Mr. Pai, learned Counsel D appearing on behalf of CORIL, that there has been no prejudicial alteration of the terms and conditions of service of the employees of CORIL by the impugned circular. It is urged that nothing has been pleaded by the respondents Nos. 1 to 4 as to which clauses of the impugned circular are to their detriment. The High Court has. also not pointed out such clauses before quashing the impugned circular. It E . appears that for the first time before us such a contention is advanced on behalf of CORIL. In this connection, we may refer to an observa- tion of the High Court which is "Admittedly, the impugned order adversely affects the perquisites of the petitioners. It has resulted in civil consequences." The above observation clearly indicates that it was admitted by the parties that the impugned circular had adversely affected the terms and conditions of service of the respondents Nos. 1 to 4 who were the petitioners in the writ petition before the High Court. Mr. Sachhar, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the re- spondents Nos. 1 to 4, has handed over to us a copy of the writ petition filed by the respondents Nos. 1 tD 4 before the High Court being Civil Writ Petition No. 426 of 1978. In paragraph 12 of the writ petition it has been inter alia stated as follows:

"The petitioners respectfully submit that under the said circular the terms and conditions of service of the employees of the second respondent including the peti- tioners hernin have been substantially and .adversely · . H

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altered to the prejudice of such employees. The same would be clear inlet a/ia from the statements annexed hereto and marked as Annexure IV."

' Annexure IV is a statement of Animal Loss in Remuneration/ Income per person/employee posted at Delhi and U .P. Nothing has been produced before us on behalf of CORIL or the Union of India to show that the statements contained in Annexure IV are untrue. In the circumstances, there is no substance in the contention made by Mr. Pai that there has been no prejudicial alteration of the terms and condi- tions of service of the employees of CORIL, and that nothing has been . i·f

pleaded by the respondents Nos. 1 to 4 as to which clauses of the impugned circular are to their detriment. c ' One of the contentions that was urged by the respondents Nos. 1 to 4 before the High Court at the hearing of the writ petition, as noticed above, is that unguided and arbitrary powers have been vested in the official by sub-section ( 1) of section 11 for the alteration of the terms and conditions of service of the employees. It has been observed by the High Court that although the terms and conditions of service could be altered by CORIL, but such alteration has to be made 'duly' as provided in sub-section (2) of section 11 of the Act. The High Court has placed reliance upon the ordinary dictionary meaning of the word 'duly' which, according to Concise Oxford Dictionary, means 'rightly, properly, fitly' and according to Stroud's Judicial Dictionary, Fourth Edition, the word 'duly' means 'done in due course and according to law'. In ·our opinion, the w9rd 'duly' is very significant and excludes any arbitrary exercise of power under section 11(2). It is now a well established principle of law that there can be no deprivation or curtail- ment of any existing right, advantage or benefit enjoyed by a Govem- F ment servant without complying with the rules of natural justice by giving the Government servant concerned an opportunity of being heard. Any arbitrary or whimsical exercise of power prejudicially affecting the existing conditions of service of a Government servant will offend against the provision. of Article 14 of the Constitution. Admittedly, the employees of CORIL were not given an opportunitv of G hearing or representing their case before the impugned circular was issued by the Board of Directors. The impugned circular cannot, therefore, be sustained as it offends against the rules of natural justice.

It is, however, contended on behalf of CORIL that after the impugned circular was issued, an opportunity of hearing was given to l;I the employees with regard to the alterations made in the conditions of

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their service by the impugned circular. In our opinion, the post- A decisional opportunity of hearing does not subserve the rules of natural justice. The authority who embarks upon a post-decisional hearing will naturally proceed with a closed mind and there is hardly any chance of getting a proper consideration of the representation at such a post-decisional opportunity. In this connection, we may refer to a recent decision of this Court in K.l. Shephard & Ors. v. Union of B India & Ors., JT 1987 (3) 600. What happened in that case was that the Hindustan Commercial Bank, The Bank of Cochin Ltd. and Lakshmi Commercial Bank, which were private Banks, were amalgamated with Punjab National Bank, Canara Bank and State Bank of India respec- tively in terms of separate schemes drawn under section 45 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Pursuant to the schemes, certain C employees of the first mentioned three Banks were excluded from employment and their services were not taken over by the respective transferee Banks. Such exclusion was made without giving the employees, whose services were terminated, an opportunity of being heard. Ranganath Misra, J. speaking for the Court observed as follows: D

"We may now point out that the learned Single Judge of the Kerala High Court had proposed a post-amalgamation hearing to meet the situation but that has been vacated by the Division Bench. For the reasons we have indicated, there is no justification to think of a post-decisional hear- E ing. On the other hand, the normal rule should apply. It was also contended on behalf of the respondents that the excluded employees could now represent and tli,eir cases could be examined. We do not think that would meet the ends of justice. They have already been thrown out of employment and having been deprived of livelihood they must be facing serious difficulties. There is no justification to throw them out of employment and then given them an 9pportunity of representation when the requirement is that they should have the opportunity referred to above .as a condition precedent to action. It is common experience that once a decision has been take·1 there is a tendency to uphold it and a representation may not really yield any fruitful purpose."

The view that has been taken by this Court in the above observa- tion is that once a decision has been taken, there is a tendency to uphold it imd a representation may not yield any fruitful purpose. H

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A Thus, even if any hearing was given to the employees of CORIL after the issuance of the impugned circular, that would not be any .comp- liance with the rules of natural justice or avoid the mischief of arbitra- riness as contemplated by Article 14 of the Constitution. The High Court, in our opinion was perfectly justified in quashing the impugned circular. B In the result, Civil appeal No. 3214 of 1979.is dismissed.

In view of the reasons given in Civil Appeal No. 3214 of 1979, Civil Appeal No. 3518 of 1979 is also dismissed. \- C Civil Appeal No. 3212 of 1979 has been preferred by the. writ petitioners in civil Writ Petition No. 426 of 1978 filed before the High Court. The writ petitioners succeded in getting the impugned circular quashed by the High Court. As the High Court rejected some of the grounds of challenge to the .jmpugned circular, the appeal has been D preferred. There is no merit in this appeal and it is wholly miscon- ceived. The appeal is, therefore, dismissed.

There will be no order as to costs in any of these appeals.

M.L.A. Appeal dismissed.