SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) & ORS.

A level whole temple has been supported with 48 pillars on front side and pilasters on the corners of the walls. 1.6: - CONDITION OF GARBHAGRIHA AND JYOTIRLINGA/ SHIVLINGA/ LINGAM In the ground floor, the garbhogriho of Mahakal is almost a B square cell measuring 4.16 x 4.16 m enshrining with a Shivalinga within jaladhari with silver encasing measuring a length of 2.08 m and dia in 1.27 m. Generally, the mouth of jaladhari opens into the north side but here it opens at the east direction. The inner walls and ceiling of the sanctum are cladded with the silver sheets and decorated with different religious symbols and images and niches on the east, west and north walls are provided and enshrined with a metal sculpture of Kartikeya, Ganesha, and Goddess Parvati respectively and they are in folkish style. In 1996 these sculptures made of silver were placed inside the niches which earlier were in marble stones. A silver sheet embossed with tracery has been provided on walls of the garbhgriha in 2016. The walls are tracered in two parts; the lower half with the motifs of (+) design while upper with the motifs of Pushpa, Kalasha, trishula, swasthik, ardhachandra, shankha, dhanusha-Bana, gada, kamandal, Nandi, chimta, swastika dwaja, Simha and such many other religious symbols. The ceiling has been interestingly incised with Rudrayantra of 271 distichs. We were informed by the local Pujaris that this silver ceiling has been provided in 1996 when earlier ceiling which was of silver plaque inlayed with stones, were fallen. The yantra was recreated in the same style as it was in original and installed in the silver sheet and fixed slightly upward than the earlier one. There are two silver lamp-stands (deepdaan) inside the garbhagriha on either side of the Shivalinga which originally are of stone but encased in brass. In 1994 brass encasing of both were replaced with silver cladding. 1.7 A: -SHIVALINGA, MODIFICATION, AND EFFECT Shivalinga/ Jyotirlinga of Mahakal is considered as sthavara or H Achala and Swayambhulinga or Uttamottamalinga (most

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 687 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

superior linga). In the kamikagama, Swayambhulinga is described A as one which rose up and came into existence by itself and had existed from time immemorial. As such even if such type of linga is slightly damaged they need no jirnodhwaro (re- setting up). In the garbhagriha sandstone shivaling is directly rose at the center and within the jaladhari (Saluka) facing east. It is B 67.5 cms in height and 42.97 cms India within the jaladhari of 127 cms India and 208 cms in length. In 28.12.1924 portion of Jalandhari of silver which cost 12 and was stolen from the main temple, another jaladhari of silver were installed in 20.9.1925 along with a brass parapet (Katra) around the shivalinga. In 1994 again brass parapet donated by the devotee was replaced with silver. There is no brahamasutra line found on the east surface of the shivalinga rather in place of it, two semi-round lines at the bottom are, in such a way that one line comes within the other. This sort of line appears natural not by the man-made. On the same side, the depressions have occurred on the bottom and lower side. On the west surface of shivalinga, depressions are noticed at the bottom and lower side while on the upper side they are least. On the north side, there is no depression noticed. On the south side. whence devotees can have a view the Shivalinga from the hall, there is no such depression noticed except a round delve on the bottom occurred due to chipped off. E

There is a tradition of six-time worships performed in a day inside the garbhogriha and it is called as Bhasma Arti, Datyodak, Bhoga Arti, sandhya pooja, sandhya arti and shayana arti. These worships the starting from early morning to night between 4-6 am, 7 - 7:45 am, 10 - 10:45 am, 5 - 5:45 pm, 7 - 7:45 pm and 10- F 10:45 pm respectively. The main ingredients offered in the pooja are water, milk, curd, honey, ghee and sugar, liquid perfume, a pest of sandalwood, pest of cannabis and flowers. In the first morning pooja apart from these, the ash of dry cow-dung has sprinkled over the shivalinga at the last. G There are 37 families of Brahmins of Ujjain who are responsible for conducting pooja in the temple in a traditionally scheduled time and for each pooja, at least 3 to 5 Poojaris are deployed at a time and in special occasion more are deployed. H

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A B: - MORNING WORSHIP AND MATERIAL USED IN THE WORSHIP A group of Brahmins attends the Mahakal pooja at morning hour wherein at least five Brahmins take part. Morning worship of Lord Mahakal is very interesting. It starts at around 4 am daily B and for that devotees remains in the queue since early midnight so that they could have a view of the god and pour a lota of water over the Shivalinga. At the beginning every devotee pours water over Shivalinga one by one and then worship starts with chanting of mantras and offering of doodh (milk), shakkor (sugar), dahi (curd), shahad C (honey), panchamrita (mixture of five], gangajal and at last itra (liquid perfume) over the linga (liquid perfume) over the linga. After offering of all these stuff, shivalinga is cleaned by the water then process of decoration begins followed by putting handful pile of cooked rice on the top of the shivalinga then three garlands one by one around the pile, preparing of forehead by using pest of sandalwood, then pundarika, eyes, nose, lips etc. The eyes are decorated by putting silver pieces and lips by Vermilion, thus a face of Shiva is prepared towards the south side of linga whence it can be viewed by devotees seating at the south side hall. At least five Brahmins attend the pooja of them one does this ornamentation, other perform other activities like giving articles (samagri) to him, cleaning and bringing other parts of the sanctum and providing other articles of worship (pooja samagris) into the garbhagriha. After completing decoration, a garment is worn over the Shivalinga in such a way that top and sides the while face remains open. Then kundala, kapalamala made of silver are worn followed by a chhatra, over the Shivalinga, made of same metal. After that worship begins by offering dhoop with a dhoopadan made of silver. After that Shivalinga is covered by a garment and one of the Pujari made an announcement that lady devotee may avoid to see the Shivalinga now, because they were going to pour dry ash of cow dung (bhasma) over the Shivalinga. , is a kind of indication of digamber (nude) form of Shiva that’s why lady devotees are called to veil. By doing so poojari takes a bale of ash in his right hand and sprinkles over the Shivalinga till it is finished and for that, it takes around five to seven minutes while the whole process of pooja takes more than one and half hour to finish.

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 689 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

At last, Shivalinga is cleared from the articles offered over the linga and ornamentation and one by one Arti added earlier for decoration is removed and it is cleaned again by the plain water. Thereafter group of ladies of the city enter the garbhagriha to offer milk over the lingo followed by other devotes, thus the order of coming devotees and pouring milk over the redware begins whole day except the pooja hours as referred above. In the pooja of 5 pm, the decoration of the lingo is again done almost in the same pattern as stated above while in the rest four pooja at 7 am, 10 am, 7 pm and 10 pm decoration is not done. As per the information provided by the temple poojari the offering material used in the morning pooja includes; milk (5 litre) C curd (1 kg), ghee (1 kg), honey (1 kg), sugar (250 grams), sandalwood paste (100 grams), cannabis (100 grams), liquid perfume, abeer (100 gram), gulaal (100 grams), kanku (100 grams), rice (250 grams), garland (5 nos), flowers (1 kg), vilvapatra (1008 nos), gangajal, gulabjal, juice of fruits (5 kg), coconut water (1 D litre) and juice of sugarcane (litre). For the decoration of lingo cannabis (1 kg), cashew nut (250 gram), almond (250 grams), pistachios (250 grams) and chooroli (250 grams). 1.8 MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION OF TEMPLE PREMISE AND ACTIVITIES E As stated above, in the temple premise has numbers of small and large temples corresponding to more or less in architecture to each other. But except main temple and walls of Briddhakaleshwar and Anadikalpeshwar temples, rest of the shrines are reflected as modern temples due to modification, crappy restoration and F paintings are done in white, cream and red colours. At the interior of the main temple, silver cladding in the garbhagriha, tiles in the walls of the passage leading to garbhagriha, tiles in the walls of cells and niches, tiles on the first and second floors have been provided. In the Anadikalpeshwar G temple, the roof of the sabhamandapa and mandapa are altered. In the Anadikalpeshwar temple, the roof and walls of the mandapa have been replaced with new one. In the Balavijay Hanuman temple whole the interior and exterior walls and roof of the temple has been replaced with modern vitrified tiles and painting and H

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A pillars, arches of outer courtyard and ceilings with oil paintings. The floor of the premise is constructed in red flog stones and level of the floor of each temple arranged with steps. Besides that, some new constructions have been also constructed between the old temples and some are still going on in the premise. B Apart from the daily worship in the temple, there are other activities being carried out and looked after by the Mahakaleshwar Temple Management Committee. These activities are: A: Daily cleaning of the temple premise, gaushala, Vedic samsthan, Vikram Kirti Mandir, rasoi of the temple and C surrounding area of the temple premise. Cleaning is done by outsourcing. B: Rasoi is maintained by the committee wherein about 55-60 staff is engaged in cooking and serving bhog to the visitors free of cost. The Bhog is available from morning 11:00 am to night D 11: 00 pm. C: An another Laddu Prasad unit is also being run by the committee, which cooked laddu as a prasad and sale to the devotees every day, D: Temple committee runs two ambulances for giving medical E assistance to the peoples of nearby villages. One doctor and one nurse have been also engaged to render free medical checkup and medicines to the public. E: One Shavavahan is kept for free carrying of dead bodies to deliver at the cremation place for the funeral. It is a free service. F F: One bus is also run by the committee for carrying visitors to show important religious places of Ujjain. G: In the pravachan hall several programmes are organized in the month of the Sravan month (Monday), Uma sanjhimahotsava in Ashvin month which includes preaching by renowned kathakar, G shastriyo sangeet, and other cultural programmes like bharatnatyamma etc. programme. H: Temple Vedic Sansthan is established to educate students of class VI to XlI on Vedic literature and Sanskrit. Presently about 6 teachers are educating 70 students in the Sansthan. H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 691 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

I: Temple committee is maintaining gaushala at Chintamani area A wherein about 100 cows are reared. The milk of the cow has been used in the worship and other ceremonies of the temple. CHAPTER -11 NATURAL (PHYSICO~CHEMICAL) WEATHERING OF B STONE WITH REFERENCE TO MAHAKAL JYOTIRLINGA In this chapter, natural causes (Physico-Chemical) of weathering of stone in the context of Jyotirlinga have been discussed in general keeping in view the offerings (ingredients) used during the prayers/ C rituals of the lingam. Rituals including Bhasm (Ash) Aarti and Abhishekas on the lingam starts right from the dawn of the day and continue throughout with short intermittent breaks. A large number of devotees visit the temple daily and offer many ingredients and puja samagree as D a part of the ritual with great religious belief and Astha. The number of devotees increases appreciably on any auspicious day or during festivals. These offerings due to their physical or chemical characteristics may interact differently with the minerals of natural stone (Ungam). This continuous interaction, in the long run, may be responsible for appreciable damage to the substrate (Lingam). E

2.1 General Chemical Characteristics of Some of the Ingredients: It is important and imperative to consider the Normal Chemical Characteristics of the ingredients which are generally offered by the devotees in order to have a better understanding of the physicochemical or Geo-Chemical Interactions of these products with the stone of which this jyotirlinga is carved out. These are briefly discussed below: Milk: The milk is a biological fluid having following gross composition:

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A The pH of normal pure milk generally varies from 6.5 to 6.7. Source: Handbook of Chemistry; DOI 10.1 007/978-3-642- 41609-5_31-1.2015, page Dahi (Curd): B Physico Chemical analysis of Dahi in percentage

Protein Ash Total Lactose pH Total plate Total coli dissolve count form count C solid

Homemade Desi Ghee: The chemical composition of Homemade Pure Ghee:

E Colour flavor Refractive Moisture Index Acidit y White Pleasant Granular 29°C 1.4530 0.4 3.0

F Small chain saturated fatty acid (SFA): 12.5% Mono-saturated fatty acid (MUFA): 19.91% Long Chain fatty acids (SFA): 73.77% Medium-chain Fatty acid (SFA): 20.17% Honey: G Average Composition of floral and honeydew Honey is as below:

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 693 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Characteristics or Floral Honey (%) Honey Dew Honey (%) A

Constitution

Few clumps of crystals Few clamps of crystals 1 Granular Tendency 1/8 to each layer 1/16 to 1/8 inch layer B 2 Colour Dark half of White Light of amber

Moisture 17.2 16.3 coli count Laevulose 38.19 31.80 C 6 Sucrose 1.31 0.80 ±0.11 7 Maltose 7.31 8.80 8 High Sugar 1.50 4.70 D 9 3.91 4.45

Free acidity 22.03 49.07 Lactones 7.11 5.08

12 Total acidity 29.12 54.88 E 13 Ash 0.16 0.73 cidit y 0 Sugar Products: Avergage Chemical Composition of Sugar Products is: F

SN Composition Average in percentage Sucrose 8.1-8.7% Reducing Sugar 3-6% G 3 Oligosaccharides 0.06- 0.6% Polysaccharides (including 4 0.2-0.8% Gums and Dextrans)

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A Sandal (Chandan):

Major compositions of sandalwood powder or Oil are: Alpha Santatot - 41.0 - 55% and Beta Santalol- 41.0- 55 %. Bhang (Cannabis): B The buds and leaves of Cannabis are ground into a paste to prepare Bhang. The Biodeterioration component is Cannabidiol and delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

These compounds believed to have Antifungal, Antibacterial and C Antibiotic property.

Abir or Abeer and Gulal:

If these products are not derived from natural flowers/herbs, may contain synthetic dyes which are manufactured through the D chemical process most likely with non-standard parameters and hence the resulting colours may have toxic effects of abrasion on sensitive objects.

Kanku (Kumkum): E It is either made from turmeric or any other local material. The dried turmeric powder is mixed with slaked lime which turns the rich yellow colour of the turmeric into a red colour. Modern Kumkum (Sindoor) mainly uses Vermilion. Orange-red pigment vermilion is purified and powdered form of cinnabar or mercury F sulfide. Fruits Juices: On many occasions, devotees offer fruit juices of a different variety. These fruit juices may have a different chemical composition and pH value depending upon the nature of the fruit. G The pH value of some of the fruit juices is given below. This pH value represents the acid or basic character of any solution.

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 695 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

A Seasonal Fruits (Juice) 5.36 2 3.60-4.30 3.30- 4.00 B 4 3.40-4.80 5 W atermelon 5.18-5.60 6 Pineapple 3.20-4.00 7 Pomegranate 2.93-3.20 C Papaya 5.20-6.00 Guava Orange 3.30-4.19 Grapes 3.00-3.75 D 12 Sugarcane 5.2-6.8 (C rude Juice 13 Coconut water 1.5- 5.2

Bhasm / Ashes of E Cow Dung Cakes: We have been informed that ashes of Cow Dung Cakes are being used during the Bhasm Aarti. Good quantity of ash is generally used every day through sprinkling using a muslin cloth. Sample has been collected and our preliminary analysis (XRF) (courtesy: F Wadio Institute of Himalaya Geology, Dehradun) revealed that the ash collected is quite rich in Silica Content (around 63%), Oxide of Calcium (10.75%), oxide of Magnesium, Aluminium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Iron and traces of oxides of Titanium and Manganese. The solubility of the Bhasma in water is almost negligible, however, in acid, it is sparingly soluble. G

Microscopic observation of the bhasmas carried out in the laboratories of the Director (Science) Dehradun revealed the

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A amorphous-crystalline character of the Bhasm. This characteristic of the Bhasm expected to have abrasive action on the soft objects. Burning of Oil Lamps, Dhoop or Essence Sticks: Oil lamps, Dhoop or essence sticks use carbon/charcoal powder mixed with some oil and aromatic compounds. When allowed to B burn, thick smoke or fumes are emitted into the air which generally creates the biofilm of black soot on the interior wall surface of the temple. This may be aesthetically unpleasing but more importantly, may induce a slow process of decay in the material on which it deposits. C Note: Above analytical data represent the chemical composition and general characteristics of the materials as per references available and does not speak about the actual materials except Bhasm being used during the rituals or about any sample of those materials. D 2.2. NATURAL WEATHERING OF THE SANDSTONE Sandstones are Clastic Sedimentary Rock and are susceptible to decay if exposed to the natural environment or manmade adverse deteriorating conditions. (Details of the formation/genesis of such rocks and their geological/mineralogical properties are E discussed in Part 3 of the report). While examining the Mahakal Jyotirlinga, its decay/ damage/ deterioration due to the use of different ingredients used during the daily ritual, it is necessary to refer to the Natural weathering process of Sandstone of which this Jyotirlinga is carved out. F It is very important, but also very difficult to assess where the natural process of weathering of stone finishes and the damage induced in the stone due to human activity starts to exacerbate stone decay. To recognize the mechanisms of stone decay it is necessary to examine the natural processes of weathering. G A: Water - A Major Cause of Decay of Stone: Stone decay depends on many factors. The wet climate is one of the slipware factors of decay and ingress of water or moisture in the core of the stone causes dissolution of active mineral cement

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 697 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

(Fe and Mg Carbonates]. The decay of feldspars and the swelling A of kaolinite further weaken the subsurface, the weak zone encouraging the detachment of the surface patina, and granular disintegration subsequently. As a result, the most common decay types encountered include granular disintegration, pitting, blistering, flaking, dissolution, the formation of fissures, and crust formation. B The precise character and the effects of, depending on the mineralogy of the rock and durability of sandstone, therefore, depends on its framework mineral composition and secondary cement. The environment of High humidity is equally injurious to stone as it keeps the stone wet for a long time and triggers the process of C solubilization of minerals. Water may contain some soluble salts and ingress of water in the matrix of the stone may carry these salts within the stone. Wet and dry cycle thereafter cause efflorescence of salt on the surface and may result in peeling off of the top layer of the stone. D B: Biological Decay or Bio-deterioration of sand Stone: The qualitative and quantitative development of Biological Elements on stone and resulting process of Biological Decay is strictly linked to environmental conditions as a whole. E The biological decay of stone may be induced as a result of Bio- Geo-Chemical interactions of the microbiological metabolites secreted by different categories of macro and microbiological species with the stone matrix. These biological species may be Phototrophic or Non-phototrophic. F In the present context, non-phototrophic biological species have a significant role to play as far as the decay of the Jyotirlinga is concerned. The growth of the micro-organisms of this category and the action of their biological metabolites on the stone depends on the following factors: G • Light • Nutritive Factors • Environment to which Stone is exposed

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A However, macro and microbiological species may cause both mechanical and chemical damage to the substrate but in the present context, the chemically induced damage is important to be considered. Some of the metabolites may be chelating and some may have a different affinity of reaction to certain metals elements. B As during the rituals and Abhishekas milk/ curd/ or any other milk/ fruit product are used, the bacterial action is generally expected on the stone if the fermented products rich in certain species of bacteria are not washed away at regular interval of time. Different species of Lactobacillus bacteria are generally present in milk products and under optimum conditions i.e. suitable temperature and humidity, they start to multiply with appreciable rate utilizing the lactose a good nutrient for bacteria present in the milk products. During the process of multiplication of the bacteria and consequent fermentation process, lactic acid is expected to be released in different quantity in the solution. If this fermented product is not discarded or utilized, it may result in the formation of a by-product of more acidic nature which may be more injurious to the substrate. General Chemical reaction involved in the process is given below. C12H22O11 + H20 C6H1206 + C6H1206 E Lactose Galactose Glucose

C 6H 12O 6 OH COOH Galactose Lactic Acid F Other species of bacteria (Sulphur and Nitrogen) are also expected to grow in the stagnant medium rich in cellulosic material and carbohydrate. The large amount of flowers, Bilva Patra and other materials offered by the devotees to the Jyotirlinga when not removed with G a periodical interval, attract bacterial action on these materials. This bacterial action may also be injurious to the stone including sandstone because mild acid products released through the metabolic activities of micro-organisms may react with the metal ions of the sandstone very easily causing disintegration of the substrate through leaching of the cementing material. H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 699 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

2.3. EXAMINATION OF THE MAHAKAL A JYOTIRLINGA AND GARBHGRIHA: The Jyotirlinga was carefully examined by the team on 7th September 2017 after the Bhasm Aarti in order to make an assessment with regard to its decay due to the use of different materials during rituals. We have also been present during the early morning Bhasm Aarti to record the process of this great ritual and to have information about the ingredients generally used during the puja. A: General Observations of the Jyotirlinga: There is only one entrance door on the Southern side for the devotees to enter in the Garbhgriha and there is no room for Parikrama around the Jyotirlinga. All the devotees offer materials for rituals and do Abhishekas on the Jyotirlinga from the Western and Northern side of the Garbhgriha. Jyotirlinga is fixed on a circular pedestal of silver metal. It was not possible to visualize the bottom portion of the Lingam and its depth under the floor surface. The dimension of the lingam above the pedestal has already been discussed earlier. As far as general conservation status of the Jyotirlinga is concerned, chipping of the polished layer may be seen mostly on the eastern and western side having caused depressions or pits. These characteristics may be seen elsewhere also on the lingam. The top of the Jyotirlinga appears to have good polish but on the southern side the polish has been considerably damaged and fine minerals of sandstone are exposed. The polish on the top of the lingam is difficult to differentiate if it is the original polish or has been developed and is maintained due to the rubbing of the offering materials on the Lingam particularly on the top portion during the Bhasm Aarti. A half-spherical chipped off the mark on the stone is visible on the Southern side and two parallel spherical marks originated from top of the lingam moving downwards on the G Eastern side. The team has also witnessed that liters of water / Ganga jal are offered by the devotees daily. Good quantity of milk, curd, a small quantity of honey, ghee and other materials are also Katra during the Bhasm Aarti including a lot of flowers and belpatra. However, H

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A during the Abhishekas of Jyotirlinga, water/Ganga jal is supposed to wash away the milk products and carbohydrates but at many places especially on the bottom of the lingam, we have observed thick accumulation of sticky, slimy fermented by-products of milk including carbohydrates. This accumulation is expected to invite bacterial action if not, washed away regularly. The bacterial action B on the stone is, however, a slow process but expected to cause damage to the substrate if not controlled in time. The bacterial action on the flowers and other offering materials may also invite fungal growth which in combination with the bacterial action may be more harmful to the substrate. Bhang is also offered to the C Jyotirlinga during the Bhasm Aarti but the bhang paste generally contains alkaloids and phenolic compounds which are not expected to cause damage to the stone. The presence of alkaloids and phenolic compounds rather help to control biodegradation as these compounds also show antibacterial and antifungal properties. The offering of Bhasm and other powder offering materials are expected to have certain chemical compounds, the rubbing of which on the lingo may cause damage to the top layer of the stone. The offering of fruit juices is also expected to be injurious to the stone because of their low PH value and acidic characters. The sealing of joints around the Jyotirlinga has been observed to be severely damaged which may be a cause for infiltration of offerings including water which may also lead to bacterial action and moisture related damage to the stone. The Marble flooring has also developed pits most likely a sign of deterioration as a result of cumulative actions of all deteriorating factors. The walls of Garbhgriha are now covered with a silver metal sheet which has lost original polish. As far as general ambiance of Garbhagriha is concerned, the average temperature between 4 A.M to 6 A.M has been recorded as 23.5 o C and humidity as G 78%. The high percentage of the humidity is also important as retention of moisture within the Garbhagriha creates favorable conditions for biological activities. This also keeps the Jyotirlinga wet throughout the day which is a negative feature as far as the decay of the lingam is concerned. H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 701 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

B: Drainage Facility for the Disposal of the liquids and A Solids: The committee has observed that all the liquid and solid waste are generally collected through drainage in a small pit outside the Garbhagriha from where these are pumped out with the help of the electrical motor. B It would be appropriate if this disposal system is improved so that humidity level in the vicinity of the Garbhgriha is maintained suitably and cleanliness may be ensured in the surrounding area. (C) Electrical fittings in the Garbhgriha also demand major renovation keeping in view the safety reasons and to make the C environment of the Garbhgriha more healthy and pleasing. 2.4 OTHER OBSERVATIONS: Besides the Jyotirlinga and Garbhgriha of the Mahakal Temple, following observations have also been made by the Committee D and the Committee feels that action may be taken for better Conservation and Preservation of ancient structures and stone figures. Periodical Inspections, Preventive conservation, and Preservation may be ensured for such ancient stone figures of religious importance. E

CHAPTER- III GEO-SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LINGAM MAHAKALESHWER UJJAIN, MP 3.1 Introduction: F

In the proceeding of Court No 10 of Honorable Supreme court of India, SLP Civil No 15459 of 2017.Upon hearing the counsel and on the proposal submitted of Learned Additional Solicitor General Shri Tushar Mehta, the Court made the following committee from GSI and ASI comprise of Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi and Shri L.L. G Vishwakarma from GSI and Shri Madan Mohan Chouhan and Dr. V.K. Saxena from ASI to study / survey/ analysis examine Mahakaleshwer Jyotilingam of Ujjain (MP) and to prepare a report containing the rate of which the deterioration in the size of Lingam H

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A is taking place, if any, and the measures/steps/precautions to be taken to ensure that this deterioration/shrinkage of Lingam stops. The Committee also study the other structures and the temple and submit what steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and for its preservation. The Committee makes a study and reports inter alia as how much deterioration of Lingam B has taken place during the last three-four decades and what remedial steps have to Sardar. The committee Members of ASI and GSI jointly visited Ujjain on 7.9.2017 to assess the deterioration of Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwer and to discuss the scope of the area of work for the GSI and ASI team. The GSI will carry out identification of rock type and its composition of Jyotirlingam workout causes of deterioration in the size of Jyotirlingam if any and suggest remedial measure. ASI will study the archaeological and conservational aspect of the temple premises, apart from carrying out chemical studies of offering material to the Jyotirlingam Geological Survey of India, Bhopal team has assessed the limitation and accordingly methodology and instrumentation has been selected for the detailed study of the lingam rock. Since rock sample cannot be taken out from the Jyotirlingam for detail studies, therefore, visual observation, as well as studies based on non- destructive methods like remote sensing technique with an instrument named Spectroradiometer, was adopted to identify the rock and ascertain its composition. The instrument as well as two expert scientists from Nagpur office were called. The Nagpur team was reached Ujjain on 10/9/2017 and carried out his work on 11/9/2017. The team has collected spectral signature of lingam rock and matched with standard spectral signature available with spectral library of CHQ of GSI, Kolkata.

G Another non-destructive method by portable XRF studies of lingam rock was felt necessary to cross checks the identification made by the remote sensing technique. Therefore, one portable XRF instrument along with one scientist was called from GSI, Jaipur. Portable XRF machine was used to collect information on 12/09/ 2017 at 19 points in Jyotirlingam rock to study the composition of H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 703 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Jyotirlingam rock in weathered part as well as on non-- weathered part of Lingam. Based on these studies remedial measures ware worked out to reduce the extent of chemical weathering. Apart from this water sample, ash samples, samples of offering items like bhang, cow dung were collected and analyzed to ascertain the real cause of chemical weathering and to suggest suitable remedial measure to improve the overall environment of the temple premises ware suggested. 3.2 Observation and studies of Jyotirlinga: 3.2.1 Visual observation: The Shiva Lingam measuring 67 cm in height and 47.97 cm in diameter situated over silver coated C Jaladhari of 208x127x30 cm in size. The lingam rock is pinkish buff coloured orthoquartzite similar to quartzite of Vindhayans. It is massive, hard and compact fine to medium grained, well sorted arenaceous quartzite compose of quartz occasionally with minor feldspar with the siliceous matrix. Majority of the grains are quartz along with minor orthoclase giving light pinkish brown shade to the lingam rock. The cementing material is siliceous with minor ferruginous impurities. There are traces of two bedding plane on the left side of the lingam rock with a minor change in grain size and composition along these plane. These bedding planes are visualized as an imprint in the forms of a slightly depressed linear groove-like structure due to differential weathering, but on the fresh surface exposed in pits developed in lower part of lingam in the eastern side, these imprint of bedding are not visible by naked eyes. F 3.2.2 Studies based instrument: (a) Spectral studies by Spectroradiometer: On the basis of visual observation as well as studies based on remote sensing technique with the instrument named Spectroradiometer was adopted to identify the rock and ascertain G its composition. Two experts Geologist one from GSI Nagpur & another from GSI Kolkata along with Spectroradiometer Instrument have carried out studies of the lingam. The team has collected spectral signature of lingam rock on 11/09/2017 and matched these signature with the standard spectral signature of H

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A rocks available in the library at GSI headquarter Kolkata. Total 10 no of spectral signature from a different part of the Shiva Lingam was collected. This study also confirms that the Lingam rock is quartzite, mainly composed of quartz, orthoclase and a minor amount of mica in the matrix. B (b) Portable XRF studies: Portable XRF studies of lingam rock were felt necessary to cross- check the identification made by visual observation as well as with the remote sensing technique, therefore one Chemist from GSI Jaipur was called to carry out a study of Lingam with Portable C XRF machine. Total 19 observation points were recorded by the instrument on 12/09/2017 on lingam. The objective of this study was to ascertain the approximate composition of lingam rock in weathered part as well as on non-weathered part for confirmation of its identification. Based on these studies remedial measures were worked out to reduce the extent of chemical weathering. D The composition of Lingam rock worked by this instrument conform its sedimentary nature with the presence of minerals of zirconium and titanium in traces. Observation at 19 spots from the instruments over the lingam rock was taken and the silica percent ranges from 66 to 92.6% in 10 samples, out of which 7 E spot samples have more than 75% silica. It conforms that the rock is orthoquartzite. Methodology and analytical result are enclosed as Annexure-III. 3.3 Water analysis by portable water analysis kit and ICP- MS Instruments: F Water analysis of the temple premises was carried out at seven selected locations and it was found that the pH value of water being used in the offering is high ranging from 8.4 to 8.7 Water is a universal solvent and dynamic medium which necessitates its analysis. Ionic Product of pure water at 25°C is G 1x 1O-14.Water is composed of H+ ion and OH- ion. H2O H+ + OH- (Ionic product) In pure water of the hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (OH-) is equal. Hydrogen ion (H+) is responsible for acidity and hydroxyl ion (OH-) is responsible for the alkalinity of medium i.e. if hydrogen H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 705 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

ion (H+) increases in the medium the acidity will increase and if A hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration increases in the medium than alkalinity will increase. The H+ and OH- concentration is measured in terms of pH value which is the negative logarithm of H+ concentration in water. pH = - Log [H+] B If any liquid is having pH less than 7 then it will be acidic, and if it is more than, it will be alkaline/ basic in nature. pH 7 is considered neutral. Weathering of rock increases on exposure to acidic as well as, as well as two expert scientists from Nagpur office, medium as C compared to neutral medium; due to increase in electrochemical reaction. On exposure of high silica material to acidic medium have no significant weathering effect but on exposure to basic/ alkaline medium weathering increases by following reaction: SiO2 + 2KOH –> K2SiO3 + H2O D On the bacterial decomposition of any organic matter, carbon dioxide gas (C02) releases with the rise of temperature and C02 react with water to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3) CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 E Sansthan Storage tank below lingam produced carbonic acid may react with alkaline water having high pH and up to some extent neutralization reaction may happen as: - H2CO2+2KOH->K2CO2+H2O+Heat F

The pH of the tank is less than the water of Kotiteerth pond, which is alkaline in nature and deleterious to the siliceous material. 3.3.1 Ash analysis: Three ash samples (1), from Bhasmaaarti of Jyotirlingam, (2), G cow dung used for making bhasma in mahakal temple and (3) from Bhopal were analyzed for comparative studies. Bhasma is being used in the bhasmaaarti range in pH from 9.07 to 10.2 in an aqueous medium having 7 pH; on the other hand, the water of Kotiteerath pond is alkaline in nature. If alkaline water is H

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A mix with bhosmo. , the combination will further enhance pH of the medium and produce a more adverse effect on lingam and increase rote of chemical weathering (Annexure IV c). Use of cow ghee, milk, curd, honey etc is a regular phenomenon. As a matter of fact pH of some of these articles might induce deterioration but in view of the religious sentiments, the age-old practices cannot be stopped, but the amount of the material may be restricted in order to reduce further deterioration. The only effect of these semisolids appears to be their pH value in general pH value of cow milk ranges between 6.6 to 6.8, pH of curd 4.5 to 6.0, pH of coconut water (matured) will be 5.2 and honey may range from 3.9 to 6.0 in pHs 3.4 Discussion and interpretation : - Since centuries the temple is a center of attraction to the Hindu society. It was situated on the bank of kshipra River. The great kshipra had changed its course in past it was flowing close to the D Mahakal temple and gradually shifted its course to the present channel, now local people talk about gupt- kshipra which flows below the kotiteerath pond and supplying water to the temple premises since years. 3.4.1 Extent of weathering: E The lingam rock is hard and compact medium to fine-grained well- sorted orthoquartzite as seen in above photos from a different direction. Majority of the grains are quartz along with minor orthoclase giving light pinkish brown colour to the Jyotirlingam rock. The cementing material is siliceous with minor ferruginous impurities. It is hard and compact and sustainable in the ideal natural environment. Close observation of lingam reveals that there is the signature of chemical weathering on the eastern and western side of the lingam. Observation of day to puja pattern and offering of milk curd, honey bhang etc. as well as the traditional ritual it is seen that the effect of chemical weathering is more pronounced in the eastern and western side of the lingam. The northern side (Front, facing devotees) is devoid of any weathering pits. Similarly, the back side is also least affected by the process of chemical weathering. The causative factors for the localised development of pits are the topic of research for our team. We have gone H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 707 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

through the ill side effect of offering material and the area affected by the offering. 3.4.2: Causative factor: (1) The ambiance and climatic parameter of Jyotirlinga room are somewhat similar to a subtropical climatic condition where alternate wet and dry spell is in practice. The offering supply’s bacteria through curd organic compound and lodging of these compounds in pits enhance the process of attacking and dissolving cryptocrystalline siliceous cement in the rock resulting in loosing and removal of grains in this way the chemical weathering is progressing. C (2) Silico is stable and inert in most of the form but the cryptocrystalline form of silica is prone to attack by the alkaline substance (like potassium hydroxide KOH) and will dissolve at room temperature in alkaline solution as express in this reaction. (reference from Google). D SiO2+2KOH=K2SiO3+H2O The formation of potassium meta-silicate is the cause of chemical weathering which is soluble in water the rate of reaction is very slow but continuous with the passage of time. E Water quality of the Kotiteerath pond has pH value 8.4 which is alkaline in nature, this water being offered continuously to Lingam rock during Jalabhishek. Ash offered in the bhasmaarti also contains alkaline compound and the pH value of ash in aqueous media using pure water is 9.1 which is highly deleterious to siliceous rock. During Bhashmaarti ash are poured over the lingam and F then after water of Kotiteerath are used in jalabhishek which is reacting and producing causative factor to enhance the chemical reaction stated above resulting in the form of chemical weathering and removal of silica grains and development of pits in lingam rock. G 3.4.3: Weathering through ages: Though the rate of weathering is very slow and cannot be perceived by single observation as these pits have been spotted 60 years ago when Hon’ble first President of India. Shri Rajendra H

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A Prasad and Hon’ble first Vice President and second President of India, Shri Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan were spotted worshipping of Jyotirlingam in Mahakal temple at Ujjain and the patch of Pits in the eastern side of the Lingam has also been spotted during that time. In a span of 60 years, these pits have increased at a slow rate in number and size. (Photo no.5-8) Projecting the rate of B erosion there is no alarming situation at present but some precautions are necessary as a remedial measure to protect the lingam for posterity and manage the deterioration. CHAPTER· IV A: SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: C

1. The Jyotirlingam rock has been identified as orthoquartzite which is hard and compact and highly siliceous in nature in which the silica content varies from 75-92% analyzed by portable XRF studies. Apart from visual observation spectral signature by spectroradiometer were collected, matched with the standard D signature of orthoquortzite available in GSI, spectral lab.

2. The deterioration of lingam has Sandstones and increased in last 40-50 years as depicted in photos no 1-4 and 5-8; the deterioration is continuous Sandstone can be managed with remedial measures. E

3. The water of temple premises used in Jalabhishek is highly alkaline in nature the pH value ranges from 8.4 to 8.7 which is reactive with the cryptocrystalline siliceous cementing material of orthoquartzite at room temperature and causing deterioration in Jyotirlingam.

F 4. The tradition of Bhasmaarti using ash of Cow dung (as per temple pujaris) has pH value ranges from 9.07 to 10.20 in an aqueous medium.

5. The age-old practices cannot be stopped but the amount of material can be restricted/ minimized in order to reduce G deterioration. The quantity of offering as listed in Annexure I contain milk, curd. into, honey, sugar, leaves, petals, and flowers, accumulate in pits promote the growth of bacteria at room temperature resulting in pH variation is also a cause of deterioration. H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 709 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

6. Presence of major and minor oxide and trace elements of rock A enhance the electrical conductivity of the water to a high level which can cause deposition of salt in pores/ pits and chipping of material by chemical weathering.

7. Poor drainage sanitation and water spillage were also spotted in the temple premises. B

8. The Use of water (jal /Ganga Jal) throughout the day for Abhishekas of the Jyotirlinga by the devotees should be restricted to a minimum.

9. Use of milk and other milk products including ghee and honey should be minimized to a small quantity and made symbolic in nature to satisfy the religious requirement.

10. Rubbing of Jaggary / Sugar powder and other powdery material on the Jyotirlinga may be restricted/ minimized.

11. Use of a lot of flowers / Bel Patra etc. may also be made symbolic as the use of such huge materials keep the Jyotirlinga wet all the time and hinders natural breathing of the stone which is essential for the good state of the Jyotirlinga.

12. Use of metal buckets, offerings pots, and other utensils should be replaced with wooden / Good Plastic materials in order to avoid mechanical abrasions.

13. lf possible, entry of devotees in the Garbhgriha may be limited by making a management plan. Devotees may be permitted for short duration at a time to avoid the crowd in grabhgraha. This is important as there is only single entry door which is also used as an exit door.

14. Every effort should be made to keep the Garbhgriha dry and clean including the passage and surroundings.

15. All the damaged area of marble floorings and sealing of joints etc. should be repaired to avoid water percolation through the damaged area.

16. 1f possible provision may be made for air circulation in the Garbhagriha.

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A 17. Arrangements for disposal of waste may be improved and should be made more effective.

18. Scientific / Chemical treatment of any stone object with periodical inspection and preventive conservation may, however, help to preserve the object for quite long time but in case of B Jyotirlinga it may not be appropriate to consider such treatment as the treatment of the Jyotirlinga may not be acceptable to the common people because of their great faith and religious beliefs. Only preventive conservation methods may be helpful to keep the Jyotirlinga in the best of its conservation state.

C 19. Sincere efforts should be made to preserve the originality of the main temple and other structures of historical importance in the premises. Modern materials should be avoided for general maintenance.

20Copy pinpoint20. The antiquarian remains of the premise including the main temple of Mahakal can be classified mainly into four groups; a: Some stone sculptures in loose and fixed nature assigned to 7th - 8th century AD, b: Some sculptures of 11th -12th century AD, c: Main temple and other subsidiary shrines of 18th century and d: Other remains viz wooden box, copper drum, seating benches and some metal work etc of 19th -20th century. Numbers of stone sculptures placed in the temple premise at different places like embed in the walls, on the floors, and in the abandoned rooms needs to be properly maintained, documented, identified and displayed in a proper place so that they could be preserved for future generation and could be in use of researchers and students of art and architecture.

21Copy pinpoint21. Some unwanted restoration works have been done on the 1st and 2nd floors of the Mahakal temple by laying of modern tiles on the floor. This sort of flooring does not match in any way with the ambiance and old architecture of the temple. On the north and south sides of the temple, iron scaffoldings are placed attached to the main temple. We were told that the scaffoldings are provided for installing iron stairs for climbing of the visitors to the temple on the top floor to worship Chandranageshwar. On this floor, a sculpture of Chandranageshwar with his consort is placed inside a niche covered with a glass window and devotees or visitors H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 711 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

would be allowed to reach there. During our visit, we were informed that earlier temporary arrangement was made there by way of installation of iron stairs in the occasion of Nagapanchami when lacs of visitors used to visit here. Providing of this sort of installation is not only the eyesore in the ancient temple premise but it would lead a new tradition in future and put an adverse effect on the old temples when such a huge crowd of devotees will reach the top floor. Therefore, it should be avoided for the safety of the public and to maintain the ambiance of the temples.

22Copy pinpoint22. While the campus consisting of old temples have been reflecting with white, cream and red colours as outer walls and shikhara of almost all the temples are painted with these colours and flooring with tiles and red stones. Beside that some new constructions have Abhishek the carried out. This sort of constructions and development in an ancient heritage place should be avoided and proper conservation should be carried out with the help of conservators and expert of ancient architecture. D

23Copy pinpoint23. The significance of Mahakal temple and Ujjain is not only for the people of Ujjain and Madhya Pradesh, rather for the people of the whole country too, therefore keeping this thing in mind, it is inevitably required to develop this most religious and heritage sire with proper care and maintenance so that its cultural and tangible E fabric could not be disturbed. Presently there are numbers of the temples inside the temple premise probably of the same period as the Mahakal temple but these temples are conserved in crappy manner by adding eyesore paintings on the walls and some weird addition to the old structures. Some new constructions are done and some other constructions are presently going on there. F Therefore, it is suggested that no new construction may be allowed within the temple premise and restoration and development of the old temples and structures of the premise may be rectified and restored with the assistance of Archaeological Conservators. Apart from the various activities as referred above, Temple committee G can create a heritage cell for maintenance and restoration of the old temples and structures inside the premise.

24Copy pinpoint24. It is stated earlier that Ujjain is a very ancient city and there are numbers of old structures, temples, ponds, houses, platforms H

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A near-infrared etc around the temple premise still in extent, these old structures ore the valuable heritage and integral part of temple premise, needs to be identified and restored accordingly. If it is possible for the state government, 500 m all around the temple premise can be preserved with old structures and removed from the modern constructions. Wherever open space is found, that can be landscaped and developed so that its religious ambiance could be maintained and preserved. B: REMEDIAL MEASURES:

1. Water quality of the temple premises may be improved; special care should be taken to water used in Jalabhishek ritual, potable water range in pH from 6.8 to 7.2 are ideal for jalabhishek and cleaning of the Jyotirlingam.

2. Ash used in bhasmaarti ranges in pH from 9.07 to 10.2 in aqueous media is one of the causes of deterioration in lingam, the ritual can be minimized to symbolic in nature so that the deterioration can be minimized. The lingam should be thoroughly cleaned after bhasmaarti and ensured that no trace of ash remains over it, then only Jalabhishek may be allowed.

3. The ambient temperature of the lingam room (Grabhgrah may be 17-20 degree Celsius and efforts may be made to keep dryness in most of the time of the lingam to minimize the rate of chemical reaction, bacterial and fungal growth.

4. Use of ghee, milk, curd, honey, etc. is a regular item of offering since ages, therefore, cannot be stopped, but the quantity and quality of material may be minimized in order to minimize the deterioration.

5. Proper disposal of temple garbage may be arranged and insured that it should not contaminate the kotiteerath pond. Improvement in sewer line and sanitation may also be managed to keep the premises neat and clean. An arrangement may be made to stop draining off rain and used water into kotiteerath pond.

6. Periodical monitoring of all these remedial measures is also essential to check further deterioration and to maintain garbhagriha and Jyotirlingam and to maintain its natural ambiance. H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 713 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

A TIM E EVENT 0 4: 00 A M O pen ing o f T emp le do or T emp le cleani ng foll ow ed an offer 0 4: 00 to 04: 1 5 A M of Pancham rit (Milk , Cu rd , G hee, on ey and Sug ar) B Jalab hish ek by Pilgrims (Katitirathp on d 0 4: 1 5 to 0 4:4 0A M w ater), 15 to 20 m inu tes. A bh ish ek by Priest (M aterial list 0 4: 40 to 05: 00 AM attached ). 0 5: 00 to 05: 15 A M Clean ing an d D ryin g by d ry cloth s C 0 5: 15 to 05: 30 A M D ecoration . Bh asamaarti (Ash w o rsh ip) by ash and 0 5: 30 to 05: 35 A M bearing ornam en ts. A gain J alabhis hek b y pilg rim s, water 0 6: 00 to 6:4 5 A M offered . D 0 6: 45 to 07: 00 AM E ntry clos ed and clean ing o f th e tem ple.

0 7: 00 to 07: 15 A M Wo rship o f o ther deities 0 7: 1 5 to 0 7:3 0 A M Ch and an-Ab hi shek -after cleanin g. 0 7: 30 to 07: 45 A M A arti E A gain J al ab his hek by p ilgrim s (u sin g 0 7: 45 to 09: 45 A M U jjain M un icipal Su pp ly w ater) 0 9: 45 to 10: 00 A M Clean ing .

A bh ish ek.

Pub lic w ith

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A ANNEXURE II SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF JYOTIRLINGAM OF MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN, MADHYA PRADESH By: Prem Babu, Director and Uday Kumar Ghosh, Sr. Geologist B Spectroscopy is the study of light as a function of wavelength that has been emitted, reflected or scattered from solid, liquid or gas (Clark, 1999). Reflectance and emittance spectroscopy of natural surfaces are sensitive to specific chemical bonds in materials, whether solid, liquid or gas. Moreover, spectroscopy C has the advantage of being sensitive to both crystalline and amorphous materials, unlike some diagnostic methods, like X-ray diffraction (Clark,1999). Spectroscopy’s other main advantage is that it can be used for near (e.g. in the laboratory) to far away (e.g. to look down on the Earth, or up at other planets) objects. D Laboratory and field spectroscopic studies of rocks/minerals/other materials help in understanding the entire realm of variability in spectral signature of particular rocks/minerals/other materials. Reflectance spectra have been used for many years to obtain compositional information of the Earth surface. Therefore, spectroscopy is being used increasingly in geoscientific studies to detect the mineralogical composition of rocks/minerals of earth surfaces and other planets of the universe. Different types of minerals absorb and scatter incident energy in the different wavelength region. When we examine the maxima and minima of spectral reflectance curve, minima are caused by molecular absorption and we call these as absorption features or absorption bands. Absorption of a particular mineral rock depends upon its atomic structure and chemical composition. Absorption of a particular object depends upon the electronic and vibrational process. The electronic processes are very sensitive invisible to near infrared (VNIR) region whereas vibrational processes are sensitive in shortwave infrared (SWIR) region. The VNIR region is very important to detect ferric & ferrous iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, chromium, nickel etc., whereas SWIR region is useful in detection of hydroxyl bearing minerals, carbonate, phosphate, borates, arsenates, vanadates, silicates etc, The H hydroxyl (OH-) is generally bound to Mg, Feor AI. The water

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 715 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

molecule (H20) gives rise to overtones as seen in the reflectance A spectra of H20 bearing minerals. The first stretches of OH- occur at 1.4 um: and the combination of H-O-H bond with the OH- stretches are found near 1.9 um. The OH- - group commonly occurs in multiple crystallographic sites of a specific mineral and is attached to metalions. Thus, a combination of metal OH plus B OH stretch occurs at 2.2-2.3 um and is the diagnostic of mineralogy. Spectroscopic study of Mahakaleshwer Lingam was carried out using high-end portable field spectroradiometer to know the compositional information of the surface of Lingam at Ujjain. Madhya Pradesh. Spectroradiometer used in the present study has a very good signal to noise ratio (SNR), with finer spectral resolution and spectral interval suitable for detecting the subtle absorption features characteristic of the constituent minerals of the rock exposed on the surface under examination. It detects the energy reflected by the surface material. Spectra Vista Corporation (SVC HR 1024i) spectroradiometer used in the present study has two types of detectors one 512 element Si photodiode detector operative in 350-1000 nm and two separate, In Go As photodiodes operative in 1000-2500 nm. Collection of Spectral Signature using ‘SVC 1024i’ Spectroradiometer. Before taking the spectral measurement of Mahakaleshwer Lingam the entire area was properly cleaned and dried (using drier) to obtain maximum reflectance from the field of view. The rest of the area was covered with dark cloth to avoid unwanted reflectance from the surroundings. Measurement Procedure: F The SYC HR 1024i spectroradiometer has spectral range of 350- 2500 nanometer (nm), with finer spectral resolution of 3.5nm @ 350-1000,9.5 nm @1000- 1850nm and 6.5nm @ 1850- 2500. The instrument was optimized properly before taking a spectral measurement. Measurement of the radiance of a white reflector (reference panel) is also essential before initiating the G measurement, as it helps in recording the irradiance of the illuminator for a reflectance measurement. The light source for illuminating (using a tungsten halogen source lamp) the sample was kept at approximately 45° angle and measurement was token by pointing sensor (fore optics as well as fibre optics) vertically H

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A over the sample to make the phase angle of 45° (phase angle corresponds to the angle between the illumination source and measurement point) so that the measurements which speak about the volume of reflected energy emanated from the rock (characteristic of the internal chemistry) are collected and it would reduce the specular reflection from the object which is dominantly B the result of surface smoothness. The 40 optical lens was used while taking the spectral signature of the Lingam. The following necessary steps were taken into consideration while making the measurements.

C 1. Source of the illumination is well calibrated so that there should be minimal fluctuation in irradiance in successive measurement.

2. Precautions were taken so that there is no physical blockade of light and shadow of the person who is taking D measurements does not fall over the sample.

3. The sample should be larger in dimensions than the ground sample diameter (GSD) of fore-optics.

4. Data was saved in personal digital assistance (PDA) and downloaded into the computer for further analysis. E Processing of Spectral Curve: Spectral signatures thus collected is processed using SVC HR 1024i software to remove the overlap at the junction of visible (VIS) & near infrared (NIR) and NIR & SWIR region and remove higher order kinks to derive the curve with characteristic F “spectral features”. The spectral file format generated in the SVC 1024i spectroradiometer instrument is saved as sig file format which stores wavelength and full width at half maximum (FWHM) values (spectral resolution) and other necessary information. After pre-processing the signature is exported to ENVI software for G generation of spectral library. The ENVI software retrieves the wavelength data and FWHM value from the spectral reflectance files and appends it to the header file created for each spectral signature. ENVI has a spectral library builder tool to generate new spectral library builder tool to generate a new spectral library from a variety of spectra sources, including ASCll files, other H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 717 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

spectral libraries, ROI means, spectral profiles and plots. The A collected spectra are automatically resampled to an input wavelength space using FWHM information. After feeding all the necessary information finally, the rock library is generated by using lab spectra. The spectral signature of Mahakaleshwer lingam, Ujjain, B MP: The spectral signature was collected at different faces of Mahakaleshwer Lingam like near top, back, left, right, primary bedding plane, pitted surface etc. For each location number of measurements using fore-optics as well as fiber optics were taken and were later averaged to get the final spectra. Interpretation The spectral signature of left and right side shows absorption at 2.19 µm indicating presence of phyllosilicate minerals (AI-OH bearing minerals) and absorption in VNIR (O.568 µm) region is due to iron oxide stains. But the fore optic spectra show high reflectance in NIR as compared to fiber optic spectra that is possibly due to the presence of some organic material on the surface and also due to the differential field of view of spectral measurement. The combination of H-O-H bend & OH- stretches is found at E 1.93 µm that indicate the presence of water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OH- stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µm. The spectra of near top & back side show absorption at 2.19 µm that indicate the presence of phyllosilicate minerals (AI-OH F bearing minerals) and absorption in VNIR (O.543 µm) region is due to iron oxide stains. But the fore optic spectra show high reflectance in NIR as compared to fiber optic spectra that are again due to the presence of some organic material in the surface and also due to the differential field of view of spectral measurement. The combination of H-O-H bend & OH- stretches G is found at 1.93 µm that indicate the presence of water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OH- stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µm. The fiber optic spectra of all pitted surface show absorption at 2.19 µm indicate the presence of phyllosilicate minerals (AI-OH bearing minerals, and absorption H

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A in VNIR region is due to iron oxide stains. The variation of absorption depth at VNIR has been noticed which varies from 0.565 to 0.731 µm and this is due to the presence of differential iron oxide stains at the different pitted surface. The combination of H-O-H bend & OHÉ stretches is found at 1.93 µm that indicate the presence of water molecule in the sample. The additional overtone feature of OHÉ stretches has been noticed at 1.4 µm. From overall observation, it is found that most of the diagnostic absorption occurs at 2.19 µm and absorption in VNIR region is possibly due to differential iron oxide staining at different surfaces. No other diagnostic absorption due to other alteration mineral was noticed. All the spectral signatures were analysed with existing rock library of GSI as well as USGS mineral spectra and it the that the spectral signatures fit well with quartzite based on its absorption features in SWIR region. D Continuum removed (continuum or background is the overall albedo of the reflectance curve) spectra of Lingam & USGS phyllosilicate mineral shows diagnostic spectral absorption at 2.19 µm which confirms the presence of phyllosilicate mineral. Summary: Based on the spectroscopic study of the lingam E of Mahakaleshwer temple Ujjain, MP, it can be summarised that the spectral signatures of the surface of lingam show presence of quartz with a minor amount of phyllosilicates. Beside presence of some organic matter at a few locations could also be noticed. References: Clark, R.N. 1999; Spectroscopy of Rocks and F Minerals, and Principles of spectroscopy(pp3), http:// speclab.cr.usgs.gov. XRF STUDY OF JYOTIRLlNGAM OF MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, UJJAIN

G The XRF study of the Jyotirlingam of Mahakaleshwar temple, Ujjain was carried out using portable Skyray-Explorer 5000 ED- XRF instrument. ED (Energy Dispersive) X-ray spectrometer is based on the principle of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which is a non-destructive technique. The atoms, illuminated by high-energy X-ray, emit X-- H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 719 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

ray spectra with certain characteristics, the wavelength of which A is related to the atomic number of an element. Therefore, by determining the wavelength, we find the composition of the sample and start the qualitative analysis; by measuring the line intensity and comparing with a known standard, we get to know about the content of the element and start the quantitative analysis. The B Explorer-5OOO instrument consists of mainly three systems: excitation, optics and detector system. The excitation system, including a miniature X-ray source, filter, and collimator, is used to generate X-rays. X-rays irradiating to the sample produce X-ray fluorescence with sample characteristics, transforming into voltage signals through the detector, the signal, after being amplified and C data acquisition, is sent for computer processing to get the required test data. The detection system mainly includes i) AMP and digital multi-channel data acquisition system, ii) Embedded PDA - Equipped with dedicated X-ray fluorescence analytical software. The detection limit is down to ppm level. D The XRF study of the lingam was carried out by directly placing the nosepiece carefully on the Lingam surface by holding the instrument in hand. The surface of the lingam was more or less rough at all points scanned using the is. On each side of the lingam, we started to analyze from the bottom position to the top position. The total scanning time for each point was 60 seconds. For E qualitative analysis of the elements in the sample, whether it is a natural one or in a strange shape, this instrument can be directly used for a test. But for accurate quantitative analysis, we need to do some sample processing. There is some inherent limitation which may lead to measurement error; rough surface, F inhomogeneity in composition etc. APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LINGAM ROCK BY PORTABLE XRF INSTRUMENT

FRONT FACING NORTH BACK FACING NORTH SPEC LING LING LING LING LINGA LING LINGA LING LING LINGA G NAME AM-4 AM – AM – AM – M– 6 AM – M– AM – AM M 3 2 1 (CEME BACK BACK4 BACK BACK BACK1 BOTT NTING 5 (TOP 3 2 (BOTT OM PORTIO MOST) OM N OF MOST) THE BASE)

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A Mg O 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2208 0.0000 0.0000 Zn (%)0. (%) Hg (%)0. 5.8768 6.1319 0.0000 0.7162 5.3121 8.0831 6.3068 5.7163 11.7319 3.4060 Pb (%)0. SiO 2 92.627 89.4543 37.1480 13.3846 16.7793 88.7300 74.7741 74.6217 81.1862 16.0813 Bi (%)0. (%) 9 Peak 16 P (%) 0.5668 0.7992 0.5796 0.4026 0.8395 0.3358 0.4442 0.3337 0.3435 0.2922 00 As (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Cps 17 B Se (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 00 Rb (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Count 52 Sr (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 00 Y (%) 0.0020 0.0025 0.0014 0.0014 0.0000 0.0017 0.0010 0.0008 0.0010 0.0000 Zr (%) 0.0109 0.0328 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0095 0.0252 0.0142 0.0000 0.0000 Nb 0.0191 0.0195 0.0080 0.0100 0.0104 0.0186 0.0119 0.0144 0.0138 0.0096 (%) Mo 0.0889 0.0903 0.0427 0.0481 0.0202 0.0856 0.0669 0.0599 0.0814 0.0281 C (%) Pd (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Ad 0.0173 0.0178 0.0164 0.0165 0.0101 0.0174 0.0170 0.0175 0.0174 0.0155 (%) Cd (%) 0.0234 0.0513 0.0427 0.0485 0.0000 0.0613 0.0305 0.0337 0.0568 0.0120 Sn (%) 0.1047 0.1021 0.1033 0.1033 0.1021 0.1028 0.1029 0.1031 0.1027 0.1036 Sb (%) 0.0000 0.0080 0.0016 0.0000 0.0072 0.0111 0.0000 0.0046 0.0042 0.0000 Ba (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 D Hf (%) 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 Ta (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0016 0.0018 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 W(%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Au 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (PPm) P2O3 1.2982 1.8303 1.3275 0.9220 1.9228 0.7690 1.0173 0.7643 0.7868 0.6691 (%) E S (%) 0.0000 0.0211 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2173 0.0905 0.0521 0.0000 SO4 0.0000 0.0634 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6519 0.2714 0.1563 0.0000 (%) K (%) 0.1104 0.5955 0.3539 0.4735 0.4665 0.8395 0.6304 0.3445 0.2275 0.3164 K2O 0.1333 0.7190 0.4273 0.5717 0.5632 1.0136 0.7611 0.4160 0.2747 0.3821 (%) Ca (%) 0.4731 2.5745 1.5076 1.1806 6.1020 1.5516 1.7748 1.5767 1.5107 0.1713 CaO 0.5441 2.9606 1.7337 1.3577 7.0172 1.7843 2.0410 1.8132 0.1970 F (%) Ti (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 TiO 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (%) V (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Cr (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mn 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (%) G Fe (%) 0.0754 0.0991 0.0421 0.0274 0.0496 0.1522 0.1598 0.1452 0.1313 0.0277 Fe2 0.1077 0.1415 0.0602 0.0392 0.0709 0.2174 0.2283 0.2074 0.1875 0.0396 O3 (%) Co (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Ni (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Cu (%) 0.0031 0.0000 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0070 0.0159 0.0101 0.0000 H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 721 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Zn (%)0.0000 0.0000 0.0229 0.0638 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0071 0.0973 0.0000 A Hg (%)0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Pb (%)0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0711 0.0000 0.0000 0.0011 0.0041 0.0000 Bi (%)0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Peak 1653. 1653. 1647. 1649. 1655. 1655. 1652. 1651. 1649. 1645. 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 Cps 17391. 18507. 15614. 15688. 12188. 17754. 16378. 15787. 16737. 13791. 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 B Count 522496. 555942. 468960. 471219. 366273. 533249. 491980. 474277. 502614. 414329. 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LINGAM ROCK BY PORTABLE XRF INSTRUMENT

LEFT FACING WEST RIGHT FACING EAST C SPEC LINGA LING LING LING LINGA LING LING LING LINGA NAME M- AM – AM – AM – M– AM – AM – AM – M- LEFT 5 4 2 1 RIGHT RIGH RIGH RIGH RIGHT (TOP BOTT 5 (TOP T6 T4 T2 1 MOST) OM MOST) (BOTT OM MOST) D Mg O 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.7727 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (%) 0.0000 3.4612 7.5109 1.9663 3.3407 1.9081 1.4415 7.2004 2.7364 SiO 2 43.5607 68.9923 77.2504 45.9106 68.134 43.9697 44.8462 66.2406 16.6197 (%) 3 P (%) 0.3531 0.8193 0.7440 0.7290 0.2099 0.6819 0.3962 0.6041 0.5817 P2O 0.8087 1.8766 1.7039 1.6697 0.4808 1.5617 0.9074 1.3836 1.3322 E 3% S (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 SO4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (%) K (%) 0.2790 0.9832 0.6434 0.8525 0.4524 1.2142 0.0589 0.9266 0.2368 K2O 0.3368 1.1872 0.7769 1.0294 0.5462 1.4660 0.0711 1.1188 0.2860 (%) Ca (%) 0.7907 1.1399 0.1493 0.0000 0.2115 0.4031 0.5622 0.2549 0.1753 F CaO 0.9093 0.1608 0.1717 0.0000 0.2115 0.4031 0.5622 0.2549 0.1753 (%) Ti (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0083 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 TiO2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0139 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (%) V (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Cr (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 G Mn 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (%) Fe (%) 0.0396 0.0597 0.0244 0.0740 0.0622 0.0822 0.0267 0.0583 0.0299 Fe2 0.0566 0.0852 0.0349 0.1057 0.0888 0.1175 0.0381 0.0833 0.0427 O3(%) Co(%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 H

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A Co(%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Ni (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Cu (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Zn (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 As (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Se (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Rb (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 B Sr (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Y (%) 0.0000 0.0020 0.0000 0.0023 0.0009 0.0027 0.0000 0.0013 0.0000 Zr (%) 0.0000 0.0231 0.0002 0.0317 0.0000 0.0124 0.0000 0.0040 0.0001 Nb (%) 0.0136 0.0145 0.0121 0.0150 0.0113 0.0144 0.0125 0.0139 0.0073 Mo (%) 0.0468 0.0733 0.0382 0.0820 0.0390 0.0651 0.0390 0.0818 0.0361 Pd (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Ag (%) 0.0155 0.0169 0.0147 0.0171 0.0162 0.0173 0.0155 0.0168 0.0144 C Cd (%) 0.0160 0.0415 0.0204 0.0134 0.0474 0.0471 0.0125 0.0000 0.0091 Sn (%) 0.1033 0.1010 0.1024 0.1021 0.1027 0.1041 0.1032 0.1036 0.1024 Sb (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0243 0.0136 0.0076 0.0000 Ba (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Hf (%) 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003 Ta (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 W (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Au (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 D Hg (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Pb (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Bi (%) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Peak 1657. 1650. 1651. 1644. 1653. 1655. 1652. 1650. 1650. 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 Cps 14256. 16559. 13441. 17087. 15057. 17596. 13714. 16334. 13452. 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 E Count 428321. 497363. 403741. 513179. 452296. 528369. 411934. 490609. 404073. 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWAR TEMPLE PREMISES, UJJAIN S. Ref. Samp pH Te Cond TDS SA CO HCO Total Ca Mg Cl Na K No3 PO4 SO4 F No. No le mp . at LI 3 3 hardn locate 25* NI ess on/ C µs/ TY time cm Unit (*C) ppm SPU ppm ppm ppm pp ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm m 1 UJT/ Pot 7.78 28. 870 522 0.46 NIL 274. 320 76 15.6 170 67 11 6 02 54 01/w/ above 52 5 2017 linga m@ G 5.15 PM 2 UJT/ Pot 8.20 27. 864 518 046 Nil 317 330 76 14.4 125 70 11 12 03 50 02/w/ below 48 2017 linga m@ 5.15 PM

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 723 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

3 UJT/ Kotite 8.41 29. 1736 1041 0.95 66 353. 500 68 39.6 205 120 128 140 0.7 73 A 03/w/ erth@ 88 8 2017 1.45 PM 4 UJT/ Rudra 8.70 29. 849 509 0.45 18 244 270 40 20.4 150 103 19 05 4 24 04/w/ sagar 28 2017 @ 5.00 PM 5 UJT/ Shipra 8.32 29. 920 533 0.49 6 292. 340 84 15.6 135 73 11 19 4 48 05/w/ River 05 8 B 2017 @ 8.45 PM 6 UJT/1 Lalad 7.6 28. 1739 1043 0.96 NIL NIL 920 360 2.4 285 140 219 180 16 194 A/MW hariwa 06 /17 ter@ 3.45 PM 7 UJT/2 Nirma 6.2 28. 1349 809 0.73 NIL NIL 660 200 19.2 200 92 74 75 14 101 A/MW lya @ 71 C /17 3.45 PM

ISO 6.5- 500 200 300 75 30 250 200 50 200 10500 8.5 (WH standa O) rd value

D TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN WATER SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE, PREMISE All value in ppb

Samp 19997-I 1999 7-2 19997 -3 19997-4 19997-5 19997-6 1 999 7-7 le E Name Ref UJT/03/ UJT/1A/ UJT/1B /W UJT/4/W/ UJT/01/ UJT/2/W/ UJT/05 / No W/2017 WM/200 M /2017 2017 W/2017 2017 W/2017 17 Loca KotiTir Mahakal Tank- RudraSag Muni cipa Jaladh ari Shipra t ion ath Jal adhari 2, Offered ar Lake l Wat er water after River, Pond base Wat er before jalavishek Ram ghat offering F Be <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Sc 2.34 1.1 9 1.17 <0.7 <0.71 0.70 0 .7 V 90.29 13.07 <5 10.17 11.53 11.18 1 1. 26 Cr <4 23.43 26.31 <4 <4 <4 <4 Mn <0.5 90.75 237.16 2.26 268.51 269.42 3 7. 07 Fe 519.39 1991 .7 1 1448.52 164.02 299.64 265.58 2 59 .. 34 Co 0.12 0.7 4 0.72 0.34 0.64 0.63 0 .0 6 Ni <0.5 5.7 5 2.90 <0.5 <.0.5 <.0.5 0 .0 < G Cu 1.23 13.91 <0.5 <0.5 17.56 10.55 <0.5 Zn <0.2 812.03 219.97 0.2 16.40 0.69 <0.2 Ga <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 As 12.98 5.9 6 2.93 4.78 2.69 2.66 2 .6 4 Se <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

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A Rb 13.47 202.15 65.19 3.48 6.43 6.47 6 .2 1 Sr 968.51 574.94 432.10 253.36 369.56 376.06 4 05 .15 Y <0.1 0.1 1 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cd <0.01 0.1 0 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cs 0.08 0.5 9 0.19 <0.2 <0.2 0.02 0 .0 2 Ba 36.11 73.69 83.91 25.74 51.77 51.51 5 5. 32 La <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Ce <0.04 0.4 0 0.13 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 B Pr <0.005 0.0 5 0.03 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Nd <0.03 0.2 2 0.11 0.01 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Sm <0.03 0.0 5 0.04 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Eu <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Gd <0.02 0.0 5 0.03 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Tb <0.002 0.0 1 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Dy 0.008 0.0 5 0.03 <0.008 <0.008 <0.008 <0.008 C Ho 0.003 0.0 1 0.01 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Er <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Tm <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Yb <0.006 0.0 2 0.01 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 Lu <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Pb <0.05 6..03 2.61 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Bi 0.18 0.0 7 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0 .3 1 Th <01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 D U 1.27 <0.02 <0.2 <0.2 0.62 0.64 0 .7 6 Ti 6.97 28.15 14.12 7.61 5.77 5.73 5 .1 2 Ge <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Zr <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Nb <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.01 <0.1 Mo 10.36 5.2 3 1.38 1.37 1.54 2,21 2 .0 6 W <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 E Re 0.01 0.0 1 0.01 <0.002 <0.002 0.01 0 .0 1 Hg <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Hg sample analysed by P.R. Nimje Chemist Chemical Division Central Region Geological Survey of India Nagpur Lab on 15.9.2017 and other samples are analysed by M.S. Dahat, Sr. Chemist, P. Vamshi Krishna, Asst. Chemist under the supervision of Smt. Shobha Rani Suptd Chemist F on 19.9.2017 at Chemical Division Southern Region, GSI Hyderabad Lab. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BHASMA OF LINGAM AND ASH SAMPLES FROM MAHAKALESHWER TEMPLE S .N O R e f. N o . pH S iO 2 % Cao% P% P 2O 5 % 1 A s h ( B h a s h a m ) fr o m 9 .0 7 4 2 .0 5 1 1 .2 0 1 0.0 8 2 3 .0 G t he L in ga m m ix in s ta n d a rd w a t e r m e d ia (7 p H ) 2 A s h f ro m c o w d u n g 9 .6 6 5 1 .7 5 1 2 .3 2 4 .2 2 9 .6 7 m i x i n s t a n d a rd w a te r m e d ia ( 7 p H ) U j ja in M arket 3 A s h f ro m c o w d u n g 1 0 .2 4 6 .3 1 7 .2 0 3 .2 2 7 .3 7 m i x i n s t a n d a rd w a te r m e d ia ( 7 p H ) B h o p al H M arket

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 725 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

As aforesaid report was furnished on 13.10.2017, thereafter A .15 01 suggestions and objections were invited. 01 2 RESPONSE OF THE TEMPLE COMMITTEE TO REPORT 32 OF EXPERT FROM ASI/ GSI : 03 04 24. Response to the report has been filed by the Temple Committee 005 on 13.10.2017. The same is extracted hereunder: B 03 03 “RESPONSE OF THE RESPONDENT NO.1/ MANDIR 03 02 SAMITI TO THE REPORT ON THE STUDY/ SURVEY/ 002 ANALYSIS/ EXAMINATION OF MAHAKALESHWAR 008 JYOTIRLINGAM OF UJJAIN (M.P.0 DATED 02.10.2017 003 C 005 CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE CONSTITUTED 003 BY THIS HON’BLE COURT. 006 003 It is submitted that this Hon’ble Court vide order dated 25.08.2017 5 constituted an Expert Committee consisting of two officers of 01 Archaeological Survey of India and two officers of Geological 6 Survey of India. This Hon‘ble Court directed the Committee so D 2 constituted to study/survey/analyse/examine Mahakaleshwar 05 Jyotirlingam of Ujjain (M.P.) and prepare a report containing the rate at which the deterioration in the size of Lingam is taking 6 place, if any, and measures/ steps/ precautions to be taken to 5 ensure that this deterioration/ shrinkage of the Lingam stops. Let E the Committee also study the other structures and also the temple and submit wheat steps are required to be taken to overall improve the entire premises and for its preservation. Further, the Committee was also directed to make a study and report inter alia as how much deterioration of Lingam has taken F place during the last three-four decades and what remedial steps have to be taken. In compliance with the same, the Committee constituted by this O 5% Hon’ble Court has submitted a report dated 02.10.2017 on .0 03.10.2017. G This Hon’ble Court vide order dated 03.10.2017 allowed the 67 Answering Respondent to file their suggestions/objections with respect to the Report. 37

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A The Answering Respondent is submitting its pointwise response to the suggestions, recommendations and remedial measures made by the Committee constituted by this Hon’ble Court vide Annexure R-1. In view of the foregoing is the most respectfully prayed that this B Hon’ble Court may be pleased to pass appropriate order as deem fit and proper and thus render Justice. The Answering Respondent undertakes to comply with all the directions, this Hon’ble Court may render in the interest of protection of the Idol. S. SUGGESTIONS, RESPONSE OF THE C No. RECOMMENDATIONS MANDIR SAMITI TO 3. AND REMEDIAL THE SUGGESTIONS, MEASURES MADE RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE EXPERT AND REMEDIAL COMMITTEE MEASURES MADE BY CONSTITUTED BY THE COMMITTEE D THIS HON’BLE CONSTITUTED BY THIS COURT HON’BLE COURT

1. The Jyotirlingam rock Agree with the observation. has been identified as orthoquartzite which is E hard and compact and highly siliceous in nature in which the sili ca content caries from 75- 4. 92% analyzed by portable XRF studies. F Apart from visual observation spectral signature by spectroradiometer were collected, matched with the standard signature of G orthoquartzite available in GSI, spectral lab. 5.

2. The deteri oration of That the report is based on lingam has been noticed photographs taken in the and increased in last 40- year viz: photo No.1 t o 8. H 50 years as depicted in The Mandir Samiti is ready

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 727 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

A photos no 1-4 and 5-8; and willing to take all the deteri oration is necessary remedial continuous in nature can measures as recommended be managed with by the expert committee remedial measures. constituted by this Hon'ble Court to conserve the B lingam namely; minimizing and regulating the water, flowers, and offerings HE immediately. O 3. The water of temple The Mandir Samit i shall C S, premises used in install an R.O. plant to AL Jalabhishek is highly maintain the pH value of BY alkaline in nature the pH the water at around 7. The EE value ranges from 8.4 to devotees shall be allowed to IS 8.7 which is reactive with use on 500 ml of wat er in a D the cryptocrystalli ne copper vessel onl y. siliceous cementing n. material of orthoquartzite at room temperature and causing deterioration in E Jyotirli ngam.

4. The tradition of The Mandir Samiti submits Bhas maarti using ash of that before pouring of ash cow dung (as per temple over the Lingam the F pujaris) has pH value Committee is ready to cover ranges from 9.07 to 10.20 the Lingam with a cotton in aqueous medium. cloth and after pouri ng of ash idol would be completely cleaned by superfine cotton cloth. G

5. The age-old practices Use of ghee, milk, curd, on cannot be stopped but the honey etc. shall be he amount of material can restricted t o not more than

8. be restricted / minimized 1.25 litres per devotee. y H

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A in ord er to redu ce Fu rther , this materia l s hal l deter ior atio n. Th e qua ntit y be of ISI standard and a 10 of of fer ing as listed in random check of these p uja Ann exure I con tain milk, ma terials s ha ll b e ins ured b y curd, g hee, ho ney, sugar, th e Committee. leaves , peta ls, and flowers , 11 B accumula te in pits pr omot e th e gro wth of b acteria at ro om temperatur e in pH variatio n i s als o a cause of deter ior atio n.

C 6. Presence of major an d min or After Jal abhish ek by th e oxide a nd trace elements of Li ng am wh ich conclud ed b y ro ck en ha nce the electrical 5 p .m. every da y. Th e conductivity of the w ater to a Li ng am shall b e pr oper ly 12 high l evel wh ich can caus e cleaned a nd dried to deposition of salt in po res/ minimize the wat er co nten t D pits and chipp ing of material and ther ea fter only dr y po oja by ch emi cal weath ering. shall be permitted every day. 7 Poo r dr ainage s ani tatio n an d The Ma nd ir Sami ti submits wa ter spillage were also th at the proces s of expans ion 13 sp ott ed in t he templ e of dr ain ag e system is under E premises. th e pro cess an d sh all b e co mpleted at t he earlies t. 8 The use of w ater The Ma ndir Samiti s hal l (jal/ Gang aja l) throug ho ut in sta ll an R.O. Pla nt to th e da y fo r Abhishekas o f the ma inta in th e p H va lue of th e Jyoti rling a by t he devotees w ater at around 7. Th e F sh ould b e restr icted to a devotees sha ll be al lowed to min imum. use only 500 ml of w ater i n a co pp er ves sel onl y. 14. 9 Use of milk and other mil k Us e of g hee, milk, curd , products ghee a nd h oney honey etc. shall be restricted sh ould b e mi nimized to a to not more than 1 .2 5 litres sma ll quantity a nd made per devotee. Fu rth er , th es e symbolic in natu re t o s atisf y ma terials sh all be o f IS I th e r eligio us req uir ement. standa rd a nd a r ando m ch eck of these po oja ma terials sh all b e ins ured and used.

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 729 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

shal l A d a 10 Rubbing of Jaggary/Sugar Rubbing of Sugar powder p uja powder and other powdery s hall be banned. d by on t he Jyotir linga may be restricted/minimized. 11 Use of lost of fl owers/Bel Dryers and fans w ill be used Patra etc. may also be made to avoid moistur e. Belpatra B symbolic as the use of such and fl owers are used on the huge materi als keep the upper part of shivling and do Jyoti rlinga wet all t he time not at all hinder natural and hinders natural breathing of the stone. th e breathing of t he stone w hich C d by is essenti al for the good stat e Th e of the Jyotirlinga. per ly 12 Use of metal buckets , There are no mechanical to offerings posts, and other abrasions si nce metallic nten t utensils should be replaced utensils used for jalabhishek o oja wi th wooden/Good Plasti c do not t ouch or abrase the day. materials i n order to avoid jyotirlinga. mits mechanical abras ions. s ion 13 If possi ble, entry of devotees Offering by devotees cannot nder in the Grabhgriha may be be avoided as it relates to the be limited by making a r eligious faith of the management plan. Devotees devotees. How ever, a shal l may be permi tted for short management plan is already to duration at a time to avoid made and implemented f th e the crowd in grabhgraha. w herein only limited Th e This is important as there is devotees are permitted at a d to long s ingle entry door w hich ti me. F in a is also used as an exit door.

14. Every effort should be made To maintain the ambient curd , to keep t he Garbhgri ha dry temperature of the lingam cted and clean including the r oom (Grabhgarh) at 17-20 itres passage and surroundings degree Cel sius, more air G h es e conditioners shall be IS I installed. Further, all eff orts do m s hall be made t o keep the ooja Grabhagarh and its ured s urr oundings dry and clean. H

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A 15. All the damaged area of Accepted marble floorings and sealing of joints etc. should be repaired t o avoid water percolation through the B damaged area.

16. If possible provision may be Accepted made for air circulation in 20. the Garbhyagriha

17. Arrangements for disposal of Accepted. It is submitted waste may be improved and that Shri Mahakaleshwar C should be made more temple is ranked in top 10 effective. most clean Iconic places by Government of India in Swwach Bharat Abhiyan.

18. Scientific/Chemical Accepted D treatment of any stone object wi th periodical inspection and preventive conservation may, how ever, help to preserve the object for quit e E long time but in case of Jyotirlinga it may not be appropriate to consider such treatment as the treatment of the Jyotirlinga may be acceptable to the common people because of t heir the faith and religious beliefs. Only preventive conservation methods may be helpful to keep the Jyotirlinga in the best of its conservation state.

19. Sincere efforts should be Offering by devotees cannot made to preser ve the be avoided as it relates to the original ity of the main religious faith of the temple and other structures devotees. However, a of historical importance in management plan is already H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 731 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

A the premises. Modern made wherein only limited materials should be avoided devotees are permitted at a for general maintenance. time. Crowd management and lives of devotees will be of utmost priority forth temple committee. B

20. The antiquarian remains of Accepted. the premise including main itted temple of Mahakal can be hwar classified mainly into four C p 10 groups; a: some stone s by sculptures in loose and fixed in nature assigned to 7th -8th century AD, b: some sculptures of 11th 12th century AD, c: Main temple D and other subsidiary shrines of 18th century and d: Other remains viz. wooden box, copper drum, seating benches and some metal work etc of 19th - 20th E century. Numbers of stone sculptures placed in the temple premises at different placed like embed in the walls, on the floors, and in the abandoned rooms needs to the properly maintained, documented, identified and displayed in a proper place so that they could be preserved for future nnot generation and could be in o the use of researchers and the students of art and , a architecture. eady H

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A 21. Some unwanted restoration The Mandir Samiti submits works have been done on the that the constructions work 1st and 2nd floors of the being carried out for best Mahakal temple by laying of and convenient passage for modern tiles on the floor. devotees. Necessary and This sort of flooring does not precautionary works will be match in any way with the done as lakhs of devotees ambience and old throng the temple during architecture of the temple. Nagpanchmi. On the north and south sides 22. of the temple, iron scaffoldings are placed attached to the main temple. We were told that the scaffoldings are provided for installing iron stairs for climbing of the visitors to the temple on the top floor to worship Chandranageshwar. On this floor, a sculpture of Chandranageshwar with his consort is placed inside a niche covered with a glass wi ndow and devotees or visitors would be allowed to reach there. During our visit, we were informed that earlier temporary arrangement was made there by way of installation of iron stairs in the occasion of nagapanchami when lacs of 23. visitors used to visit here. Providing of this sort of installation is not only the eyesore in the ancient temple premise but it would lead a new tradition in future and put an adverse effect on the old t emples when such a H

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 733 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

ubmits huge crowd of devotees work will reach Abhishek the best top floor. Therefore, it ge for should be avoided for the and safety of the public and to will be maintain the ambiance of votees during the temples.

22. While the campus Accepted consisting of old temples Mandir Samiti is carrying have been reflecting with out works to restore the white, cream and red heritage look of the colors as outer walls and temple. shikhara of almost all the temples are painted with these colors and flooring with tiles and red stones. D Besides that, some new constructions have the carried out. This sort of constructions and development in an ancient heritage place should be avoided and proper conservation should be carried out with the help of conservators and expert of ancient architecture.

23. The significance of Accepted Mahakal temple and Shree Mahakaleshwar Ujjain is not only for the temple management people of Ujjain and committee has plans to G Madhya Pradesh, rather create a heritage cell for for the people of the whole maintenance and country too, therefore restoration of the old keeping this thing in mind, temple and structures it is inevitably required to inside the premise. H

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A develop this most religious 24. and heritage site with proper care and maintenance so that its cultural and tangible fabric could not be disturbed. Presently there are numbers of the temples inside the temple premise probably of the same period as the Mahakal temple but these temples are conserved in crappy manner by adding eyesore paintings on the walls and some weird addition to the old structures. Some new constructions are done and some other constructions are presently going on there. Therefore, it is suggested that no new construction may be allowed within the temple premise and restoration and development of the old temples and structures of the premise may be rectified and restored with the assistance of Archaeological Conservators. Apart from the various activities as referred above, Temple G committee can create a heritage cell for maintenance and restoration of the old temples and structures inside the H premise.

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 735 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

24. It is stated earlier that Accepted A Ujjain is a very ancient Subject to necessary city and there are numbers repairs and maintenances of old structures, temples, for the preservation of the ponds, houses, platforms heritage building to be etc around the temple carried out from time to premise still in extant, time by temple committee. these old structures are the valuable heritage and integral part of temple premise needs to be identified and restored accordingly. If it is possible for the state government, 500 m all around the temple premise can be preserved with old structures and removed from the modern construction. Wherever open space is found, that can be landscaped and developed so that its religious ambiance could be maintained and preserved. F

25Copy pinpoint25. On 13.10.2017, following order was passed by this Court: “Heard learned counsel for the parties. This Court had constituted a Committee on 25.08.2017 consisting of Shri Madan Singh Chauhan, Regional Director G (Archaeologist), ASI, Central Region, Bhopal; (ii) Dr. V. K. Saxena, Director (Science), (Archaeological Chemist), ASI, Science Branch, Dehradun; (iii) Shri Hemraj Suryavanshi, Dy. Director, General, State Unit, Madhya Pradesh, GSI, Bopal; and (iv) Shri L.L. Vishwakarma, Director, Su: MP, GSI, Bhopal. They have submitted their reports which are exhaustive. Respondent H

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A No.1 Temple Committee has filed its response to various proposals made by the Expert Committee. They have filed point-wise response contained in Annexure R1. The Temple Committee has suggested certain remedial measures. In the circumstances, it is appropriate to request the Temple Committee to consider the various recommendations. It was also stated that let the Committee B take a decision for implementation of the recommendations which are to be accepted as it is a primary responsibility for the Committee to manage the affairs. Let a considered firm decision The opening regarding implementation. We appreciate the gesture of the counsel for the parties as it is not adversarial litigation but in order to improve the overall situation and to protect and preserve the Lingam of Mahakaleshwar. It was also stated that the Committee has decided to regulate the timings etc. and various suggestions were made during the course of hearing. Let Committee take a decision considering the overall interest and rise to the occasion by doing the needful. Let the Committee consider the report of the experts and its stand taken in the annexure R/1 filed by them and pass appropriate resolutions as prayed by counsel for respondent No.1. Be listed on 27.10.2017.” E RESOLUTION DATED 26.10.2017 PASSED BY TEMPLE COMMITTEE:

26Copy pinpoint26. Pursuant to the order dated 13.10.2017, resolution has been passed by the Committee on 26.10.2017 filed as Annexure R-1 and the same is extracted hereunder : F “Keeping in consideration the suggestions/objections and recommendations of the Expert Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court and also in compliance of the order dated 13.10.2017 passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the Temple Management Committee hereby passes the following Resolution G covering point 1 to 24 of the suggestions/objections and recommendations of the Expert Committee constituted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to protect and preserve the Mahakal Shivlinga :-

SARIKA v. ADMINISTRATOR, SHRI MAHAKALESHWAR 737 MANDIR COMMITTEE, UJJAIN (M.P.) [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

1. That the devotees shall be permitted a fixed amount of water A measuring 500 ml in an appropriate small pot per devotee for Jalabhishek.

2. That the water for Jalabhishek shall be taken from the R.O. machine installed during Simhastha, 2016, for which a connection shall be provided near the Garbh Grih to maintain the pH value at B ‘7’.

3. That at present during Bhashma Aarti, half of the lingam is being covered with cloth but as per the directions, in fifteen days, the whole of the Shivalingam shall be fully covered with a dry cotton cloth during Bhasma Aarti. C

4. That for Abhishek only up to maximum 1.25-liter mil/ panchamruit per devotee shall be permitted.

5. That after Jalabhishek by the lingam which is concluded by 5 P.M. every day. The Lingam shall be properly cleaned and dried to minimize the water content and thereafter only dry pooja shall D be permitted every day.

6. At present captive sewerage, treatment technique is being used for treatment and the same shall be continued till the sewerage treatment plant is installed for which steps are being taken which will require minimum one year time. E

7. That rubbing of sugar powder on Shivlinga has been fully banned and instead the use of Khandsari is being promoted.

8. That dryers and fans will be used to avoid moisture. Bel Patra and flowers shall be used on the upper part of shivling to avoid any obstruction in natural breathing of stone.

9. That the crowd management shall be strictly followed as done on big festivals namely Simhashtha, 2016, Mahashivratri, Nagpanchmi and month of Shravan where maximum crowd appears on those holidays and weekends. During such time the committee is using barricades for dong Darshna from outside the main Garbhgrih and limited devotee are also permitted in the garbhgrih at a time. Similar arrangement shall be ensured on normal days also.