PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA

E The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADAN B. LOKUR, J. 1. The substantial issues raised in this appeal, in which the conviction is based on circumstantial evidence, primarily relate to the presence of the convict at the pJace and time of the murder of Gangamma, the analysis of the F fingerprint evidence recovered from the place of incident and the recovery of blood stained clothes of the convict and the ornaments of the deceased at his instance. On all issues, we find in favour of the convict and conclude that that none of the circumstances that have been found against him by the High G Court and which have led to his conviction have been satisfactorily proved. The conviction must, therefore, be set aside. The facts

2Copy pinpoint2. On 5th November, 1990 the appellant Prakash ,

PRAKASH v. STATE 'OF KARNATAKA 259 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.) ordinarily a resident of Nagenahalli village in Doddaballapur A taluk of Bang·alore district was searching for Gangamma's house in Bangalore. While doing so, he met PW-6 (also named Gangamma) and asked her for directions. Since PW-6 did not know the way to Gangamrna's house, she took Prakash to PW- 7 Ammajamma's house, and requested her to take Prakash to 8 Gangamma's house.

3Copy pinpoint3. Ammajamma then took Prakash to Gangam.ma's house. On reaching there, Prakash informed Gangamma that Swamy (son of her brother PW-3 Hucha Basappa) and he had come from the village and he enquired from Gangamma c whether Swamy had reached . Gangamma informed him that Swamy had not come to her house and asked him (Prakash) to disclose his identity. Thereupon, Prakash introduced himself and Ammajamma left them and returned home. This happened at about 1.00 p.m. on 5th November, 1990. D

4Copy pinpoint4. In the evening, Gangamma would normally visit PW-1 Revamma's house, across the road, for watching TV. When Gangamma did not come in the evening on 5th November, 1990 Revamma sent her grandson Lohith aged about 5 years to Gangamma's house to call her. Gangamma then came with E Lohith to Revamma's house and informed her that she could not watch TV at her house as usual since some relatives from her village had come to her house, and she had to cook food for them. Soon thereafter, Gangamma left and returned to her house. According to the First Information Report (FIR) this was F at about 8.00 p.m. on 5th November, 1990.

5Copy pinpoint5. On the next day, at about 5.30 p.m. Revamma had gone to a medical shop where she lea'rnt that Gangamma had been murdered in her house. There.upon, she went to Gangamma's house and found a crowd had gathered qver there. She entered G Gangamma's house and saw the dead body with her clothes and other articles lying scattered about. She then sent word through PW-4 Muniyappa and others to Gangamma's brother PW-3 Hucha Basappa about the incident.

6Copy pinpoint6. Revamma was advised by some people in the crowd H

p. 260

A to lodge a complaint witti the police. Therefore, she went to the police station and lodged a complaint about the incident at about 7.30 p.m. and an FIR was registered.

7Copy pinpoint7. The Investigating Officer PW-25 D'Souza soon reached the place of occurrence, that is, Gangamma's house. The dog B squad, a fingerprint expert and a photographer also reached there a little later. On a requisition made by the Investigating Officer, PW-12 Ramachandra the photographer took photographs of the dead body and the crime scene. He also took a photograph of a passbook M0-13 lying at the scene of c the incident. The fingerprint expert PW-20 Nanaiah examined nine articles in the premises and found some fingerprints on a plastic cover containing the inscription 'Canara Bank'. Nanaiah took the plastic cover [Exh. P-18] with him for a detailed examination.

8Copy pinpoint8. The Investigating Officer seems to have taken the fingerprint of Gangamma and that was later given to Nanaiah who compared the fingerprint with the chance print on Exh. P- 18 and concluded that they were not identical. He issued a certificate in this regard on 9th November, 1990.

9Copy pinpoint9. While the Investigating Officer was at the place of occurrence, Hucha Basappa (Gangamma's younger brother) arrived and he revealed that he suspected Prakash's involvement in the crime since he was informed that Prakash had visited Gangamma's house. F

10Copy pinpoint10. According to the prosecution, on 11th November, 1990 at about 4.45 p.m. Prakash ,was apprehended and produced before the Investigating Officer.1 He was then arrested and searched and on his personal search some cash was recovered as also a receipt dated 7th November, 1990 issued G by Vijayalakshmi Financiers. Prakash's clothes, that is, his shirt, dhoti and shawl were found to be blood stained and they too were seized by the Investigating Officer. Prakash made a voluntary disclosure to the Investigating Officer wherein he stated that some ornaments of the deceased were taken by him

H 1. Prakash says that he was arrested on 7th November, 1990.

PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA 261 {MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] and pledged with Vijayalakshmi Financiers; some ornaments A were sold elsewhere and some ornaments were hidden near his father-in-law's house. Prakash took the Investigating Officer to the places mentioned by him and the ornaments were seized. 11 . Prakash also took the Investigating Officer to a place from where he took out a steel rod concealed beneath a stone 8 slab. The steel rod was found to be blood stained and was seized by the Investigating Officer in the presence of panch witnesses. It was allegedly used to murder Gangamma.

12Copy pinpoint12. As .a part of the investigations, a sample of Prakash's C blood was drawn and given to the Investigating Officer who sealed it in a bottle. This was then sent to the Forensic Science Laboratory for examination. ·

13Copy pinpoint13. On 14th November, 1990 the Investigating Officer took Prakash's fingerprints and sent them to the fingerprint bureau 0 for comparison. On 9th January, 1991 the fingerprint expert, Nanaiah received the fingerprints and he gave a certificate on 11th January, 1991 to the effect that the fingerprint sent to him matched with the chance prints found on the plastic cover [Exh. P-18] found at the place of occurrence. Later, an enlarged photoprint of the chance fingerprint Exh. P-18 was made as E Exh. P-19 and an enlarged photoprint of the fingerprint of Prakash obtained by the Investigating Officer on 14th November, 1990 was made being Exh. P-20. o·n 18th March, 1991 Nanaiah marked several identical characteristics on both enlarged photographs and gave an opinion [Exh. P-21(a)] that F two fingerprints "shall never be identical unless they are derived from the same finger of tt1e same person."

14Copy pinpoint14. On these broad facts..Prakash was charge-sheeted for having murdered Gangamma and for having stolen her cash and ornaments valued at about Rs. 25,000/-. G

15Copy pinpoint15. The Trial Court, by its judgment and order dated 21st January, 1999 acquitted Prakash. The acquittal was set aside in appeal by the High Court of Karnataka by its judgment and H

262 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 5 S.C:R.

A order dated 6th July, 2005.2 1t is under these circumstances that this appeal is before US . Relevant circumstances

16Copy pinpoint16. Both the Trial Court and the High Court proceeded on B the basis that the case is one·of circumstantial evidence. Both the Courts mentioned the following five relevant circumstances:-

1. Prakash was found in Gangamma's house on the relevant day, that is, 5th November, 1990.

c 2. The fingerprint expert, Nanaiah found Prakash's fingerprint on a plastic cover beaing the inscription 'Canara Bank' [Exh P-18]. This was taken by Nanaiah for comparison and on a comparison having been made , the fingerprints thereon matched the fingerprints of Prakash. D

3. Prakash's clothes were blood-stained when ~e was arrested on 11th November, 1990 and the blood- stains tallied with the blood group of Gangamma.

4. Gangamma's ornaments were recovered by E D'Souza at the instance of Prakash after his arrest.

5. The weapon of offence, that is, a steel rod was discovered at the instance .of Prakash from the place where it was concealed .

17Copy pinpoint17. The High Court also mentioned two other circumstances, namely, that Gangamma met with a homicidal death and that Prakash absconded after committing the crime. Presence of Prakash in Gangamma's house

18Copy pinpoint18. Both the Courts referred to the evidence of Revamma, Muniyappa, PW-6 Gangamma and Ammajamma in this regard.

19Copy pinpoint19. There is no doubt that Revamma did not at all see Prakash at Gangamma's house. Her evidence is only to the

H 2. Criminal Appeal No. 699 of 1999 .

PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA 263 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] . effect that Gangamma did not come to watch TV with her on A the evening of 5th November, 1990 because she had some relatives in her house and she had to cook food for them. These relatives were not identified or named except that she stated that Gangamma's nephew Swamy would be coming and that she had to feed him. B

20Copy pinpoint20. Similarly, Muniyappa also did not identify or name any of Gangamma's relatives in her house. All that he says is that when he was at his shop he observed that some relatives had come to Gangamma's house and she had given food to them. He stated that he closed his shop at 8.30 p.m. or so and went c home. ·rhe evidence of Muniyappa only discloses that Gangamma was alive till about 8.30 p.m. on 5th November, 1990 and was in the company of more than one person. 21 . PW-6 Gangamma also does not add to the case of the prosecution. She says that Prakash had approached her 0 for directions to Gangamma's house and that she took Prakash to Ammajamma's house. She did not accompany Prakash or Ammajamma to Gangamma's house. Prakash was produced before this witness about 5 or 6 days after the incident when he was brought to her shop by the police and she identified him E as the person whom she had met in the afternoon of 5th November, 1990.

22Copy pinpoint22. The only witness who actually saw Prakash with Gangamma was Ammajamma. She narrated the conversation between Prakash and Gangamma and the fact that Gangamma F did not know Prakash and had asked him to identify himself. The conversation she heard reveals that Swamy was expected to come to Gangamma's house. This witness left midway during the conversation between Prakash and Gangamma and did not actually see Prakash enter her house. G

23Copy pinpoint23. A few days after the incident, Ammajamma was called to the police station and she saw Prakash sitting over there and identified him.

24Copy pinpoint24. On the basis of the evidence of these four witnesses, H

p. 264

A it can at best be said that Prakash was at Gangamma's house at about 1.00 p.m. on 5th November, 1990 and that according to him Swamy was also to arrive at Gangamma's residence. The whereabouts of Prakash from 1.00 p.m. onwards are not known. It can also be said that Gangamma gave dinner to her relatives at about 8.30 p.m. but these re latives cannot be 8 identified. Prakash may or may not be one of them. It cannot, therefore, be definitely concluded that Prakash was being served dinner by Gangamma at about 8.30 p.m. on 5th November, 1990 or that he stayed in her house thereafter. But it is clear that even if Prakash was there, he was not alone with C Gangamma when she served dinner.

25Copy pinpoint25. Two questions immediately arise in this context: Firstly, why is it that Swamy was not examined by the Investigating Officer since he was expected to be at Gangamma's residente on 5th November, 1990? There is absolutely no a·nswer D forthcoming from the State in this regard. The involvement of Prakash in the incident came about only because Hucha Basappa informed the Investigating Officer on the night of 5th · November, 1990 that he was not on talking terms with Prakash and that he had given ? complaint against him when Prakash E tri~d to assault Hucha Basappa. This is all th~ more reason for the Investigating Officer to have questioned Swamy who was expected to be at Gangamma's house on 5th November, 1990.

26Copy pinpoint26. Secondly, why is it that no Test Identification Parade was held to determine whether Prakash was actually the person who was seen by PW-6 Gangamma and by Ammajamma?

27Copy pinpoint27. Two types of pre-trial identification evidence are possible and they have been succinctly expressed in Marcouix v. The Queen 3 by the Supreme Court of Canada in the following words: "An important pre-trial step in many criminal prosecutions is the identification of the accused by the alleged victim. Apart from identification with the aid of a photograph or

H . 3. [1976] 1 SCR 763.

PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA 265 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.) photographs, the identification procedure adopted by the police officers will normally be one of two types: (i) the showup-of a single suspect; (ii) the line-up-presentation of ~he suspect as part of a group."

28 . With reference to the first type of identification evidence, the Court quotes Professor Glanville Williams from an eminently readable and instructive article in which he says: "... if the suspect objects [to an identification parade] the police will merely have him "identified" by showing him to the witness and asking the witness-whether he is the man. Since this is obviously far more dangerous to the accused than taking part in a parade, the choice of a parade is almost always accepted."4

29Copy pinpoint29. With reference to the second type of identification evidence, Professor Glanville Williams says:. D "Since identification in the dock is patently unsatisfactory, the police have developed the practice of holding identification parades before the trial as a means of fortifying a positive identification .. .... The main purpose of such a parade from the point of view of the police is t6 E provide them with fairly strong evi'dence of identity on which to proceed with. their investigations and to base an eventual prosecution . The advantage of identification parades from the point of view of the trial is that, by giving the witness a number of persons from among whom to F choose, the prosecution seems to dispose once and for all the question whether the defendant in th·e dock is in fact the man seen and referred to by the witness."5 A similar view was expressed by the Canadian Supreme Court in Mezzo v. The Queen.6 G

4. 1963 Criminal Law Review pp. 479, 480.

5. Ibid. pp. 479, 480.

6. [1986] 1 SCR 802. H

p. 266

30Copy pinpoint30. An identification parade is not mandatory7 nor can it be claimed by the suspect as matter of right.8 The purpose of pre-trial identification evidence is to assure the investigating agency that the investigation is going on in the right direction and to provide corroboration of the evidence to be given by the 8 witness or victim later in court at the trial.9 If the suspect is a complete stranger to the witness or victim, then an identification parade is desirable 10 unless the suspect has been seen by the witness or victim for some length of time. 11 In Malkhan Singh v. State of M.P.12 it was held: c 'The identification parades belong to the stage of investigation, and there is no provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure which obliges the investigating agency to hold, or confers a right upon the accused to claim a test identification parade. They do not constitute substantive evidence and these parades are essentially governed by 0 Section 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Failure to hold a test identification p'arade would not make inadmissible the evidence of identification in court. The weight to be attached to such identification should be a matter for the courts of fact." E 31 . However, if the suspect is known to the witness or victim 13 or they have been shown a photograph of the suspect or the suspect has been exposed to the public by the media 14 no identification evidence is necessary. Even so, the failure of F a victim or a witness to identify a suspect is not arways fatal to the case of the prosecution. In Visveswaran v. State15 it was

7. Ravi Kapur'v. State of Rajasthan, (2012) 9 SCC 284.

8. R. Shaji v. State of Kerala, (2013) 14 SCC 266.

9. Rameshwar Singh v. State of J&K, (1971) 2 SCC 715.

G 10. MuJia V. State of U.P., (2010) 3 sec 508 Kishore Chand v. State of H.P., I

(1991) 1 sec 286. 11 . State of U.P. v. Boota Singh, (1979) 1 SCC 31 .

12. (2003) 5 sec 746.

13. Jadunath Singh v. State of U.P., (1970) 3 SCC 518.

14. R. Shaji.

H 15. (2003) 6 sec 73.

PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA 267 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] held: A . "The identification of the accused either i n test identification parade or in Court is not a sine qua non in every case if from the circumstances the guilt is otherwise established. Many a time, crimes are committed under the cover of darkness when none is able to identify the 8 accused. The commission of a crime can be proved also by circumstantial evidence."

32Copy pinpoint32. What happened in the present cas~? Both PW-6 Gangamma and by Ammajamma saw Prakash for the first time on the afternoon of 5th November, 1990 and they had seen him, if at all, briefly if not fleetingly. It is true that these witnesses had identified Prakash when he was produced before them on his apprehension about five or six days after the incident and also while he was in the dock in court, but the circumstances under which the dock identification took place are not quite satisfactory inasmuch as both the witnesses entered the witness box almost 41/2 years after they are said to have first seen Prakash only briefly and without any identification parade having been conducted.

33Copy pinpoint33. Given the law laid down by this Court, it would have been more appropriate for the Investigating Officer to have conducted a·n identification parade so that it becomes an effective "circumstance corroborative of the identification of the accused in court". 16 However, that was not done. The Trial Court was of the view that the evidence on .record did not inspire confidence as far as fixing the identity of the suspect as Prakash is concerned. The Trial Court took into account the long lapse of time between the incident and the identification of Prakash in court, the absence of any distinguishing features of Prakash, the brief time for which the witnesses saw him and G · the fact that he was a total stranger to the witnesses. The High Court was satisfied that Prakas.h was suitably identified but completely overlooked the fact that even if the Trial Court had come to an erroneous conclusion, at best, it placed Prakash

16. R. Sahji. H

p. 268

A at the place of occurrence at 1.00 p.m. and not later. We are of the opinion that given the facts of the case, it would have been more appropriate for an identification parade to have been conducted, but its absence in this case is not necessarily fatal , there being other reasons also for not accepting the case set up by the prosecution . However, the absence of an 8 identification parade certainly casts a doubt about Prakash's presence at Gangamma's house on 5th November, 1990.

34Copy pinpoint34. Even assuming .Prakash was present at Gangamma's house on 5th November, 1990 at about 1.00 p.m. it does not c necessarily follow that he was also present at about 8.30 p.m. that day. Thus, we find that not only is there an absence of some degree of certainty and a doubt about Prakash's presence at Gangamma's house on 5th November, 1990 but also an absence of certainty and a doubt whether he was there at 1.00 p.m. and at 8.30 p.m. 0

35Copy pinpoint35. There does not seem to be any reason at all for Prakash to have gone alone to Gangamma's house. He did not know where she lived and even she did not know who he was. It is difficult to imagine that Prakash would leave his house in E Nagenahalli village to visit Gangamma's house for the purpose of stealing some ornaments, as s·uggested by the prosecution - theft of ornaments being the alleged motive. This presumes that Gangamma had ornaments which were worth stealing and it also presumes that Prakash knew of the existence of these ornaments. F

36Copy pinpoint36. Given the evidence before us, we find it very difficult to accept with certainty the case of the prosecution lhat Prakash alone was with Gangamma on the fateful night of 5th November,

1990. The view taken by the Trial Court giving Prakash the G benefit of doubt is certainly a plausible view and in the absence of any perversity in the view taken, we are of the opinion the High Court ought not to have upset the conclusion arrived at.

37Copy pinpoint37. We may also mention that from the decision of the High Court it is clear that it has proceeded merely on the basis of H

' _, PRAKASH v. STATE .OF: KARNATAKA 269 [MADAN s:~LOKUR, J.] ..• probabilities. The High Court held that Prakash was probably A · present in Gangamma's house ·o·n 5th November, 1990 and that in all probability he was the rel~tive who was having dinner at Gangamma's house. In acase of circumstantial evidence, there .. · has to be some degree of trustworthiness and certainty about the existence of the· circumstances :.. mere probabilities: are 8 certainly not enough.H In our opinion, this is an unsatisfactory way of-dealing with the issue and we cannot uphold the view taken by the High Court in this regard. _ · · · ·, 1 ' - ~ ·. : A •·-~ • /

. . 38. In view of the above, it is not necessary for us to labour ori' the questions raised on ~he applicability of the...last seen c theory. There is a clear doubt whether_ Prakash was with Gangamm.a; if he was, then it was afabout 1.00 p.m. on 5th November, 1990; there is no evidence that Prakash was with Gangamma thereafter and on the contrary there is evidence that some of her relatives (which may or may not include Prakash) 0 were with her at about 8.30 p.m. We would be stretching the last seen theo,.Y to the vanishing point if we were to apply it to the facts of this case. : · . . .. J

. ·. -~ •.

Fingerprint Evidence 39:· The witnesses relevant for the purposes of the fingerprint evidence as a relevant circumstance are Ramachandra (the photographer) and Nanaiah (the fingerprint expert). ' . ' .. -· ' ·· - 40: Ramachandra stated that he had taken a photograph of the ba~k !lass book belonging to Gangamnia. H~ also produced in court the negative of a photograph taken by him [marked as M0-13(a)] of Prakash's fingerprint on the pass book. No positive print or photograph was developed from the negative. In his cross examination, Ramachandra could not say if the fingerprint in the negative was that appearing on the pass book. 1 ~ In other words, there was nothing in M0-13(a) to relate ittci the pass book. The testimony of Ramach~ndra with regard

17. Hargun Sunder Das Godeja v. State of Maharashtra, (1970) 1 SCC 724.

18. •tn the negative photo produced by me today M0.13(a) there are no marks · ; · , to show that it was taken from that passbook.". · H,

270 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20'14} 5 S.C.R.

A to the fingerprints of Prakash on the bank pass book is, therefore, inconsequential.

41. Nanaiah stated that he had obtained from the scene of occurrence a hand print on a plastic cover bearing the inscription 'Canara Bank'. The plastic cover was marked as B Exh.P-18 and an enlarged photograph of this was marked as Exh. P-19. According to Nanaiah, he compared the fingerprints on Exh. P-19 with the fingerprint of Prakash on Exh. P-20 and found that it tallied. How did Exh.P-20 come into existence? We have been left wondering as there is no answer to this question, c nor is there anything to show that Exh. P-20 contained a fingerprint of Prakash. Even the testimony of the Investigating Officer D'Souza is silent on this aspect.

42. The High Court accepted that Exh: P-20 contained Prakash's fingerprint in view of an admission made by him in 0 his statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The High Court relied, rather selectively, on a part of the statement given by Prakash in his examination under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The question put to Prakash and the answer given read as under: E "Q: PW-20 C.K. Nanaiap, Finger Print expert and Oy. S.P. states that on 6.11.1990 he was called to the scene of occurrence amd he visited there, examined the articles found at the place between 8-30 and 9-45 p.m. and got a chance print on a plastic cover found there, which is at Ex. F P-18 and on comparison it was identical with your right middle finger print and issued a certificate as per Ex. P-

13. What do you ~ay? Ans: On 7th date Inspector D'Souza given me a cover to hold the same." ·

G 43. The High Court took into account only the latter part of the answer given by Prakash, namely, that he held a cover. Fr~m this, the High Court concluded that "The fact that the fingerpn~t of the accused was found on Ex. P-18 (sic Ex. P-20) IS accepted by the accused himself." In doing so, the High Court H ignored the first part of Prakash's statement that this happened

PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAI"J\ 271 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

on 7th November, 1990. If any credibility is to be gilff·n 1 A Exh.P-20 then it must be held that Prakash was arrest;d ~ 0 7th November, 1990 but that is not the case of the prost:cution. We have, therefore, to proceed on the basis that Prakash vtas in fact apprehended and arrested on 11th November, 1990 and . proceeding on that basis, there cannot be any question of his 8 being given a cover to hold by the Investigating Officer on 7th November, 1990 for the purpose of obtaining his fingerprint. The ultimate conclusion is that there is absolutely no evidence on record to show how Exh. P-20 which is said to be the admitted fingerprint of Prakash came into existence. In the absence of any admitted fingerprint, there is nothing to show that the C handprint or the fingerprints on Exh. P-18 was that of Prakash.

44. In Hanumant Govind Nargundkar v. State of M.P 11 it was held: "It is settled law that an admission made by a person o whether amounting to a confession or not cannot be split up and part of it used against him. An admission must be used either as a whole or not at all."

45. A similar view was expressed, rather expansively, in Narain Singh v. State of Punjab 20 and Oadarao v. State of E Maharashtra. 21

46. Assuming Prakash's fingerprint was in fact obtained by D'Souza, it was clearly not given voluntarily, but perhaps unwittingly and in what seems to be a deceitful manner. Tc avoid any suspicion regarding the genuineness of the fingerprint so F taken or resort to any subterfuge, the ar?.propriate course of action for the Investigating Officer was to approach the Magistrate for necessary orders in accordance with section 5 of the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920. In Mohd. Aman v. State of Rajasthan22 this Court referred to the possibility of the G Police fabricating evidence and to avoid an allegation of such

19,' 1952 SCR 1091. 20; (1963) 3 SCR 678. 21 .. . (1974) 3 sec 63o. H .

22. (19~7) 10 sec 44.

I .....

272 SUPREME-COURT REPORTS [2014] 5 S.C.R.

A a nature, it would be eminently desirable that fingerprints were a taken under the orders of Magistrate. We may add that this would equally apply to the· creating evidence against a suspect. · This is what this ~curt had to say: ·· · . ~'Even · though the specimen fingerprints of Mohd. Aman ·B · had to be taken on a number of occasions at the behest ~ / of the Bureau, the·y were never taken before or. under the order of a Magistrate in accordance with Section 5 of the ·Jdentifi_cation of Prisoners Act. "It is true that under Section · 4 thereof police is competent· to take fingerprints: of the c l :_accused but to dispel any suspicion as to its bona fides

" · or to eliminate the possibility of fabrication of evidence it was eminently desirable that they were taken before or unde·~ the _order of a Magistrate."- · '· · ·: __ . . 47. The. Karnataka High_Court has taken the view23 that it o .is. not incumbent upon a police· officer to take· the assistance . ·of a Magistrate to obtain the fingerprints of an accused and that · the provisions of the Identification ofPrisoners Act are not mandatory in this r~gard. However, the issue is not one of the provisions being mandatory or not - the issue is whether the E manner of taking fingerprints is suspicious or not. In this case, we do not know if Prakash's fingerprint was taken on 7th November, 1990 as alleged by him or later as contended by · the .Inve-stigating Officer, or the circumstances in which it was . ~...takenor ~ven _the manner in__ which it was takEm. !t is to obviate - any such suspicion that this Court has held it to be' eminently F ·. desirable that fingerprints are taken before or under, the order of a. Magistrate. As far as this case is concerned,· the entire . exercise of· Prakash's fingerprint identification is shrouded in . mystery and we cannot give any c~~dence to it. : . · · · ----,--\ , 48. We are also surprised tti'at though a ·blood·stained G · crowbar was-seized from the place of oc-currence·· and .according to the Investigating Officer, a blood-stained steer rod was· recovered at the· instance of Prakash, neither of these material . objects I was · sent for fingerprint examination. .. The 1

I .. .. . . - ·., .

H 23. State by Rural Police v. B.C. Manjunatha, '. . ILR 2013 Karnataka 3156.

.; PRAKASH - v. STATE OF KARNATAKA - 273 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J .] investigation was conducted in a rather. unconcerned manner, to say the least. . , ' • o" ~ I

· 49. Learned counsel for · Prakash made two subsidiary submissions, namely, that the photographs taken by Ramachandra of the scene of incident do not show the existence of the plastic cover Exh~ P~18 'and therefore, according to him, the plastic cover was planted subsequently. We are nofp'repared to accept this ·submission because it is 'no body's case that Ramachandra took photographs of ·everything or every item found in the residence of Gangamma.

50. It was also submitted that whEm Nanaiah ·Exh. P- took C 18 .with ·him·,· no mahazar or panchnama was drawn up and nobody was told that the plastic cover bearing the inscription 'Canara· Bank'"'was taken away by him for examination. This is true and we are of the view that this was not permissible and ·that 'there should have been some record cif the plastic cover. · D having been taken by Nanaiah, ·especially . since the Investigating Officer was present at the spot. On the other hand, if'the plastic cover was taken away by Nanaiah without the knowledge of the Investigating Officer and right under his nose,- ·.then it makes the position even worse for the prosecution. Be that.as it may, we do.· not doubt the bona fides of Nanaiah since,.· E . in his _testimony, he clearly stated that he had examined nine _a,rtictes a~d .one.·of them. was ·the plastic cover :beari~g . the inscription 'Canara Bank' and that while carrying an .object / containing prints, ~ there is chance of damage to the prints if the j:·atiject is.not handled property: It is perhaps to avoid the~ possible : F ;·· damage that he took the plastic cov~r with him: : I I ~ ! ~ • .... - · .· · ' 1 i ,' ,' , ,.•' .... ) ;' , I ', ·, ,

. 51. Our attention was drawn to the Karnataka Police Manual and it appears that Nanaiah.followed the guidelines laid down 'therein·and perhaps acted hi.an' overly cautious manner. Guideline No. 1543 provides·'as~ follows: ·:. · · · · G "1543. Th~ opinion ~f the fi~ger pri~t ~xp~rt is pa~~mount cit · importance in the investigation of various ,crimes. The . . following instructions should be followed regarding chance / eir_~evelop~ents, preservation · ., · . finger a,nd ·foot prints and th_ H I i

274 SUPREME:COURT REPORTS [2014] 5 S.C.R.

A of the scene, method of packing and other matters: .

52. Guideline 1544 in the Manual contains various -provisions and clause (iv) and clause (v) are relevant for our purposes. They read as follows: B . ,.·.. : :'1544. i) to iii) XXX , · .. iv) If latent prints are found on portable articles they should be seized under a detailed panchanama duly packed and . -~

· labelled and sent to the Finger Print Bureau with a police · ·officer with instructions regarding the care of the· package ·c .during the journey,. . _· ., . . .. .. · ' .,: , · v) In· sending the articles containing latent prints to the - ··> Bureau, proper attention must be given to their package. ·. ::; ;'.,The following essential points should be borne in mind: :, • :. It should be ensured that no portion of the artiCle (; o· '... .''' . wheie prints may be found should get into contact . with a~ything else and -...·· • The articles should ~e secu~ely packed ·in a suitable container." . . .. E _.Clause (iv) was cl,early. not followed when Nanaiah took the plastic cover along with ·him and this is an extremely serious · ·lapse. However, we give him the benefit ·of doubt and· assume that it is perhaps with clause (v) in mind that Nanaiah took the plastic cover along with hini. · · _ · · -· ' ) ···:· · ~.~:~J~ . . ~.. ·.' . . .· ' \ •" · ~--- \ j

F .,,::. · .53. While we completely disapprove of the manner in which Exh·. P-18 was taken away by Nanaiah (and the Investigating Officer did nothing about it), the case of the· prose.cution does not get strengthened ,even if a valid procedure was followed, since there is nothing On record to show that the 'admitted' ~--G__ _fingerprints on' Exh. P-?0 were those. of Prakash_which could be compared. with· the 'fingerprints ·on Exh;- P-18 'and the enlarged _photograph b~ing Exh. P·19. · · . .-- ,. . ·. .. . . . ,. -.~54: Assuming that Exh. P-20 was a valid piece of evidence validly obtained,- there is no explanation why it was 'kept by the H · lnvesti9,ating Officedrom 14th November, 1990 till 9th January, ' '

PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA:. ·: 275 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] 1991 when it was received by Nanaiah. The Karnataka Police A Manual highlights· the importance of keeping safe an article containing fingerprints: In view of its importance, Nanaiah did not trust anyone with the plastic cover bearing the inscription 'Canara Bank' [Exh. P-18] and carefully took it along with him to e1void its) getting' ·damaged . ~Y. getting i.nto: cont~ct_wi~~ , B anything else . .On the other hand, we have the Investigating Officer keeping Exh. P-20 with him -for-almost twa'·months and in circumstances that seem. iinclear. We cannot rule out the possibility of Exh. P-20 getting damaged due to careless handling. · ··· · ·· · ... ss. 'we are ot the. opinion that there is .tinge"'rprint no c evidence .. worth . • • it'P.' linking • • Prakash..to the murder of Gangamma. •J - • • f ~ • • # • •

Blood ;Stained Clothes ··: · · · ' 5e. The ·~it~esses. 'relev~~t f~r· the reco~~r;, ·of bi~od stained clothes of. Prakash ·are PW-18 Savandaiah, , PW-21 D ~hiyanna and PW-24 Suban'na. ,; · ·· ·

57. Savandaiah and Subanna have given a very similar statement to the effect that Prakash was apprehended on 11th November, 1990. They did not state that at the time of his apprehension, he was wearing blood stained clothes; . . ·. E sa: However. ' when. Shiva'nna. wa~ . cailed t~ the. pol.ice staljon on 11th November, 1990 he was told that it was for the purpose ·o f witnessing a se~rch ·. of_~rak_ash. He stated .that - Prakash was wearing a shirt and, a panche ~ndhe notice~ F blood stains on both the apparels. On the personal search of Prakash :some cash was recovered and a receipt from Vijayalakshmi Financiers was also recovered. . ·. : · ' · ~ .• . ; '- - , ·.· . .· ··· . ··. ... ...... .··. . . _, . . · 59.· Learned counsel for Prakash sought to take advantage of two discrepant statements made byShivanna in his cross~ examiliation~· on·e statement is to the effect that before Prakash G was search~d ;: the police toi~~Shivanna ~hat he was carrying cash and a·receipt:The'question;raised :by learned counsel was how was the police·aware of. the existence~ ofcash' andareceipt on the person·of Prakash .without-having cdnducted,his-'personat · . I . . · tH /

276 . SUPREME ·coURT . REPORTS [20141 s s.c.R. A search. It was submitted by learned counsel that this reveals that Prakash had already been searched by the police and Shivanna was summoned only to complete the paper work. We make no comment on this... ·.. 60. The se'cond discrepant statement was that Shivanna , B stated 'thatthe police had kept Prakash's Clothes· on the table. lfwas submitted, in other words, that the blood stained clothes were already seized by the police and kept on the table. We. are not sure wheth-er the actual statement made by Shivanna has been lost in translation·. · . . . c 61. In any event, the recovery of the blood staineli clothes of Prakash do not advance the case of the prosecution. The reason' is that all that the prosecution sought to prove thereby is that the blood group of Gangamma _was· AB and the blood stains on Prakash's seized clothes also belong to blood group AB. In our opinion, this does not lead to any conclusion that the .D blc5cid'stains on Prakash's clothes were thos'e of Gariga.mm'a's blood. There are millions of people who have the blood group AB ·and it is quite possible that even Prakash had the blood group AB. In this context, it is important to mention that a blood _ sample. was taken from Prakash and this was· sent for -E examination. The report received from the Forensic.· Science Laboratory [Exh.P-27] was to the effect that the blood sample was 'decomp'osed and ·therefore its origin· and grouping could · .not be determined. It is, therefore, quite possible that the blood stains· on Prakash's.clothes wer'e his own blood stains a·nd that F his·blood 'gro.up was ·also As: ... · . ' ' . ' , i ~ .•- · • • ' l I ·. , · \

62. Learned counsel for Prakash contended that the_report of the serologist was not putto· him when he· was examined under Section. 3_13 of the Code .of Criminal Procedure. The ---- ·--High. Court dealt with .this issue in a ·rather unsatisfactory .G manner.· This is what the High Court had to say: · .' .... ·. : . ; ~ .. ' '. _; ; I \. I • /'- ·•

,"Even assumin·g that the report of the Serologist had not been put to the accused in his statement recorded under r · Section 313 Cr.P.C; the same cannot be said to be fatar to the prosecution; more so;when the same had not· H.

. PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA 277 '- . .. [MADAN B. LOKUR, J .] .

prejudiced the accused in any way. In fact, we put the said A · . Serologist's. report Ex.P29 to ~he· learned counsel appearing 'tor -the respondent and sought for .their explanation in this regard and it is submitted that they have .. n'othing to say in that matter/ That means, the respondent has no explanation to offer in· this regard." ·' : · B

63. It is one thing to say that no prejudice was caused to Prakash by not affording him · an opportunity to explain the serological report. It is quite another thing to put the report to his ..learned counsel in appeal and give him (the learned to counsel) a'n opportunity explain.Jhe report of the serologist. c The.course adopted by the High Court_is clearly impermissible. The law on the subject was laid down several decades ago by the "'canstitution.tBen.ch..fri .· Tara Singh · v:state

24. ·and is to; the a effect' that an accused must be given ·chance to' offer 'an to explanation if the evidence is .. be used against him and .the D conviction is intended to be based upon it lt.follows that if the· '·, accused . is not given an opportunity ~ to . explain . the circumstances against him in the testimony ;of the witnesses,. then those circumstances canno~ be used against him, whether they prejudice him or not. This is _what the Constitution Bench · said: ... .;; ·: . .. :: , . .:~ . . E '.'It is' important thenbfore -that' an accused should .be ' ,· properly examined unde'r' section 342 25 : and;· as their. ·'\;.Lordships of the Privy Council indicated in Dwarkanalh.v. · . ·. ~ Emperor, 2~ i(a point in the evidenc·e is : considered · import~nt ·again.st the -'a'ccused and the conviction is F · ::intended t()_b e bas~d . upon it, then it is right and proper · ;that the accused should be questioned. aboutthe _matter\ . and be given : an opportunity of explaining it if . he so ·-· , , desires .. This is-an important and salutary provision and I . cannot permit it to be' slurred over. I regret to find that in G : many. cases scant attentjon is paid to it, particularly in '· . Sessions Courts.,.But whether _the -matter arises in the

24. 1951 SCR 729. ;25 . . Now ~eCtion 31·~ 0~ the Code of Cri~inal Procedure. I ' 26.''AIR 1933 PC 124... . . .. . . . H ' ' /

p. 278

A Sessions Court or _in that of the C_ommitting Magistrate, it is important that the provisions of section 342 should' be fairly and faithf~lly observed." . ' . -----·- 64. This was more clearly spelt out in Ajay Singh v. State of Maharashtra 27 when this Court held: B ~·A conviction based on the accused's failure to explain I / ·what he was never asked to explain is bad· in law."

65. We are not satisfied with the conclusion ·of the High Court that since the clothes of Prakash were blood stained and c the stains bore the same blood group as that of Gangamma, the circumstance could be used Prakash. A serological ' comparison of the blood of Gangamma and Prakash and the . blood stains. on hisclothes was necessary'and thafwas absent from the evidence, of .the prosecution.:· ~.. . . ~ . . . . . . . .. o Ornaments of the deceased · · \ 66. According to the prosecution, Prakash had led the Investigating Officer to various places from where some ornaments belonging to Garigamma were recovered. The -' recovery witnesses were examined by the prosecution as ~ell E as those persons from whom the ornaments were recovered. However, whatis of significance is that none of1he recovered orna_ments ~ould be connected to Gangamma: ·"'(his is a serious lapse .in.' investigation and. the mere recovery of s~me ornaments ' .. from some people does . not lead to any conclusion. ' -

F th~t the ornaments so recovE7red _belonged to Gangamma. - . \ 67. At the stage of re-examination of Hucha Basappa, the prosecution sought pe'rmission to examine him with regard to · identification of the ornaments said to belong to Gangamma. However, this was declined by the Trial Judge who perused the G - ·statement of the ·witness ·recorded under Section - ~62 of the Code of Criminal-?rocedure which did not have anything with regard to identification '- I of,__.the ·ornaments. .....__·, . · · . .·

68 ..The High Court adversely commented on this and held that the Trial Judge adopted ·a very ~trange procedure while ' ' .. ·," H __ 27. (2007) 12 sec 341.

\ \

.PRAKASH v. STATE OF KARNATAKA 279 [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] declining to grant the request of the prosecution to have the A ornaments identified through Hucha Basappa. According to the High Court, Hucha Basappa had stated in an earlier part of his testimony in court .that Gangamma had ornaments such as a gold chain, silver waist belt, silver rings, ear studs etc. and that he had seen those ornaments and could identify them if he saw 8 them. Therefore, permission should have been granted to the prosecution to further examine Hucha Basappa and it was for the defence'to have brought out any contradiction between the statement made by the witness in court and the. statement made by him under· Section 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Having said that, the High Court concluded that the C ' ,' . ornaments belonged to Gangamma. . · ·

69. Even tf we were to assume that the procedure followed by· the Trial. Court was incorrect, in the absence of any identification of the ornaments as belonging to Gangamma, the D High Court could not have definitely concluded that they did belong to Gangamma. In any event~ even assuming that the. ornaments belonged to Gangammat at best, Prakash would be guilty of having received stolen property but could certainly not be guilty of having murdered Gangamma. Other issues· ·'· ·· · ; · · E ·r • ~ , • • • • , ... ,

. 70. It was brought to our notice that the steel rod used to kill Gangamma was recovered at the instance of Prakash: This . was hidden under a stone slab and it. contained blood stains. , The ·Investigating. Officer made no efforf to·ascertain whether F . . the blood 'stains on the steel rod were those of Gangamma nor was any .effort made to ascertain whether-the steel rod contained any fingerprints which matched 'with those of· Prakash. This, coupled with the fact that the blood stained · crowb~u seized at the place of occurrence, was not sent for a chemical examination, raises a grave suspicion that the G investigation was not fair and the benefit of this doubt must go to Prakash. 28 ·

28. Lakshml Singh v. State of Bihar, (1976) 4 sec 394 and State of U.P.-·v:. Arun Kumar Gupta, (2003) 2 SCC 202. . H

p. 280

•

A (1. All th~t. we need say is that the investigation in the case was very cursory and it appears to ·us that the Investigating! Offiqer had made up_,his mind that P.rakash had murdered' Gangamrria and the investigation ~as directed at proving this conclusion rather the other way around with . the investigation 8 leading: to, a conclusion that_ Prakash had ·murdered Gangamma.~. .. . ·; ·-' 72. It is true that the relevant circumstances should not be looked at in a disaggregated manner but collectively. Still,' this' does notabsolve the prosecution from proving each relevarit fact.' · ..:. · ,_. ,;:) ·: ' ·; · '··. ·· · · . · ,· / · · : · ·. C · · l •- ' ··· ~ r ~ • '

"In a case of cir~umstantial_ evidence~ each circumstance must be proved beyond reasonable doubt by independent '· ) evidenc'e and tt1e' circumstanc'es 'so proved' must form a ·:- ·- com'plete; chain withoutgiving 'room' to'iiny 'o"ther~. D . .• ~ypotheses and should be consisterifwith' only the guilt of ' the accused." 29 ~~- . . .. \' ,, . . ·. •.( . .· ' :: . :d ',. ' : . conclusion . ·~: , · 1 ..

':.·; 73. None of the' circumstances relied upon · by· the; prosecution and accepted by ·the : -ligh Court po.int to the E probability of Prakash's guilt or involvement in the murder of Gangamma. Consequently, we allow this appeal and set aside thejudg'ment arid order of the High Court and acquit'Prakash. of the murder of Gangamma. '" ·· ·· ·, · ·:: ' · ' ·: .-..._.':· . • ~ '." . · · : ' " · · _ -· _ :, : . ·-- ~ ~· - ·· ·_• •_ •.• •• \ ,~ , 1_._

.>74.Thoughthe murder was committedway_back in 1990,.- F scientific methods for investigation-were available even at that : time but ·not made use o't.: We must express our unhappiness on· this state ;of affairs. At .least• from now onwards, 'the · prosecution must lay stress on scientific collection and analysis~ - o f evidence, particularly since the.re are enough methods of G a·rriving at clear· conciusion's based on evidence ,gathered. -,-, -~. • I _: ' . ''. • :'~ i ' : ·-- :\ . ·, .. ' .-: '\I~ \ ' ... .~--~-I ~j ... ' ; 0 . ' . • : .. _

Devik.a Gujral, · ''' 1 · ' ,. .. . -~ Appea)allowed., ,

2~- lakhjit Singh v. State of Punjab,; 1994 Supp. (1) SCC 173.