PANKAJAKSHI (DEAD) THROUGH LRS. AND ORS. v. CHANDRIKA AND ORS.

MARKANDEY KATJU, J. 1. Heard learned counsel for the parties. G

2Copy pinpoint2. The facts of the case are that the respondent herein Chandrika filed a suit before the Sub Judge, Kottayam, Kerala, alleging that her father Raghavan died intestate on 18.06.1984. The plaintiff alleged that the defendants were relying on the will H

p. 992 Copy page pinpoint

A dated 14.06.1984 which was not a genuine will of Raghvan. On the other hand, the defendants alleged that the will was genuine. The Trial Court by its judgment dated 07.09.1994 held that the defendants failed to prove that the will in question was a true and genuine will of Raghavan. B

3Copy pinpoint3. Consequently, the trial court decreed the suit of Chandrika. The appellant herein challenged the judgment of the trial court in an appeal which came up before a Division Bench of the Kerala High Court. One of the Hon'ble Judges who heard the appeal was of the view that the will was genuine while the C other held that it was not. Consequently the Division Bench by its judgment and order dated 20.08.2004 dismissed the appeal relying on Section 98 (2) CPC. It is this judgment and order which is challenged before us.

4Copy pinpoint4. Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that since there was a difference of opinion between the two Hon'ble Judges of the High Court, the appeal should have been referred to the Hon'ble the Chief Justice for placing it before one or more other Judges. However, learned counsel for the respondent submitted that in view of the proviso to Section 98 (2) the reference to one or more other Judges can only be made when there is difference of opinion between the two Judges on a point of law. He submitted that since the difference of opinion was on a question of fact no reference cou~d have been made to one or more other Judges, and the appeal should have been dismissed in view of the main part of Section 98 (2) CPC. Section 98 CPC reads as follows:-

"98. Decision where appeal heard by two or more Judges.- (1) Where an appeal is heard by a Bench of two or more Judges, the appeal shall be decided in accordance with the opinion of such Judges or of the majority (if any) of such Judges.

(2) Where there is no such majority which concurs H

PANKAJAKSHl.(DEAD) THROUGH LRS. AND ORS. 993 v. CHANDRIKA AND ORS. [MAR KAN DEY KAT JU, J.]

in a judgment varying or reversing the decree appealed A from, such decree shall be confirmed :

Provided that where the Bench hearing the appeal is

•[composed of two· or other even number of Judges B belonging to a Court consisting of more Judges than those constituting the Bench] and the Judges composing the Bench differ in opinion on a point of law, they may state the point of law upon which they differ and the appeal shall then be heard upon that point only by one or more of the other Judges, and such point shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority (if any) of the Judges who have heard the appeal, including those who first heard it.

(3) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to alter or otherwise affect any provision of the Letters Patent of any High Court."

5Copy pinpoint5. In Tej Kaur and Another vs. Kirpal Singh and Another 1995 (5) SCC 119, a two Judge Bench of this Court has held that when there is difference of opinion between the two High Court Judges in a Division Bench hearing an appeal on a question of fact, the decree of the trial court must be confirmed in view of the Section 98 (2) CPC. This Court observed: F .............. "It is true that in a case where there is difference ·of opinion among the Judges of the High Court, the power of this Court under Article 136 is wide enough to test the correctness of the conclusion reached by the differing learned Judges as pointed out by this Court in Dr. Prem G Chand Tandon case. This proposition is unexceptionable but this Court had no occasion in that case to consider the ·· scope of sub-section (2) of Section 98. The language employed in sub-section (2) is imperative and in mandatory terms. The object appears to be that on a question of fact H

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A when there is a difference of opinion, the view expressed by the court below, in the absence of a majority opinion, needs to be given primacy and confirmed. When such is the animation, this Court cannot enlarge the scope of the controversy by itself examining the correctness of the B finding of facts and decide which view of the two is correct. This would be in direct negation of the legislative mandate expressed in sub-section (2) of Section 98 of the CPC."

6Copy pinpoint6. The above view was followed by three Judge Bench C Court in P. V. Hemalatha vs. Kattamkandi Puthiya Maliackal Saheeda and Anr. AIR 2002 SC 2445. That was a case in which the High Court of Kerala had, relying upon Section 98 of CPC, confirmed the decree under appeal despite difference of opinion between the two Judges comprising the Bench on a question of fact. This Court held that while Section 23 of the D Travancore-Cochin High Court Act is the general law, Section 98(2) is a special provision. Section 23 of the Travancore- Cochin High Court Act reads as under:

"23. Reference by Chief Justice.-Where two Judges E forming a Division Bench agree as to the decree, order or sentence to be passed, their decision shall be final. But if they disagree, they shall deliver separate judgments and thereupon the Chief Justice shall refer, for the opinion of another Judge, the matter or matters on which such F disagreement exists, and the decree, order or sentence shall follow the opinion of the Judges hearing the case."

7Copy pinpoint7. Section 9 of the Kerala High Court Act by which the Travancore-Cochin High Court Act was repealed to the extent of its repugnance may also be extracted. It reads: G "9. ·Repeal.-The provisions of the Travancore-Cochin High Court Act, 1125 (5 of 1125), insofar as they relate to matters provided in this Act, shall stand repealed."

8Copy pinpoint8. In our opinion Section 23 of the Travancore-Cochin Act H

PANKAJAKSHI (DEAD) THROUGH LRS. AND ORS. 995 v. CHANDRIKA AND ORS. [MARKANDEY KAT JU, J.]

is in the nature of a special provision while Section 98(2) is in A the nature of general law. As between the two, the former would apply in preference to the latter. The decision of this Court in P. V. Hemlatha's v. Kattamkandi Puthiya Maliacka/ Saheeda and Anr. (Supra) to the extent it takes a contrary view, in our opinion, requires to be reconsidered. B

9Copy pinpoint9. That apart, the question whether in an appeal arising out of an order passed by the High Court to which Section 98(2) of the CPC applies, this Court can in exercise of its povVer under Article 136 of the Constitution direct the matter to be placed before a third Judge to resolve the conflict arising from c two differing judgments, has not been examined either in P. V. 1-femlatha's or Tej Kaur's case. We, therefore, consider it appropriate to refer to a larger Bench for consideration and an authoritative pronouncement the following two questions: D (1) Whether Section 23 of the Travancore-Cochin Act remains unaffected by the repealing provisions of Section 9 of the Kerala High Court Act. If so, whether Section 23 is in the nature of a special provision vis-a-vis Section 98(2) of CPC. E (2) Whether this Court can under Articles 136 and 142 of the Constitution direct in any appropriate case a reference to a third judge to resolve the conflict arising between two judges of the High Court hearing an appeal, on a question of fact. F

Let the papers of this case be placed before Hon'ble the Chief Justice for constituting a larger Bench.

R.P. Matter adjourned. G