M/S. KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. )..... v. . M/S. NEW ·INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

C.K. THAKKER, J. 1. All these appeals have been filed B against a common judgment and order dated June 01, 2001 passed by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal . Commission ('National Commission' for short) in Original Petition No. 194 of 1994 and companion matters. These ~ appeals are filed under Section 23 of the Consumer .Protection c Act, 1986 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act').

2Copy pinpoint2. To appreciate the controversy raised in the present ·appeals, few relevant facts may be stated.

3Copy pinpoint3. Mis Krishna Flour and Oil Mills ('Mill' for short) is a D. partnership firm while Mis Krishna Food and Baking Industry i. Pvt. Ltd. ('Company' for short) is a company registered under '-=-- "~. the Companies Act, 1956 as applicable to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. Both the units were located in Nawab Bazar, Srinagar, in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. Both were sister concerns. Rajendra Kumar Sawhney was Chairman of the Company as also main partner of the Mill. The Company was ) dealing in manufacturing bread, biscuits, cakes and other bakery items. It is the case of the complainants that during the period of disturbances caused by militancy in early nineties of the last century, Mr. Praneet Sawhney, only son of Rajendra Kumar Sawhney was shot dead by the terrorists on March 27, 1990 in his office. Immediately thereafter, operations of both the units were suspended and the complainants had to migrate to Delhi. It was stated that there was 'watch and ward staff' as also some other personnel who looked after the premises and stocks and raw materials lying in the units. It was also stated ,___ in the complaints that the complainants were able to transfer records from Srinagar to Delhi. >- I

4Copy pinpoint4. According to the complainants, they had obtained three separate insurance policies from Mis New India Assurance Co.

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 675 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

Ltd. ('Insurance Company' for short), the details of which are as under;

S. Policy No. Sum Case Items covered No. Assured No.

1. 112119000249 Rs.40 194/94 Stock of Wheat, Wheat B Lakh Products and Packing materiai and Goods of like nature of Krishna • Flour & Oil Mills

2. 113119000312 Rs.25 210/94 Stocks of Raw Material c Lakh like Flour, Maida, Ghee, chemicals etc. in godowns belonging to Krishna Food & Baking Industries D

3. 113119000313 Rs.53 209/94 Plant & Machinery Lakhs ir.stalled in Krishna Food & Baking Industries. (a) Factory Building Rs.21 lakhs E (b) Electric fittings Rs.4 lakhs (c) Plant & Machinery Rs.28 lakhs F

5Copy pinpoint5. It was the say of the complainants that in the morning of November 12, 1991, certain terrorists attacked the Company as well as the Mill and set them on fire. Substantial damage had been caused to building, plant, machinery and electricity fittings; the raw materials lying in the units were destroyed stocks which were in both the units were also either destroyed or substantially damaged. In view of the insurance coverage, a demand was made by the complainants to the Insurance Company to get the survey done and to pay the amount of loss H

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A sustained by the complainants. The Insurance Company, however, did not do anything in the matter for quite long time. The co'mplainants got the survey done through their surveyors . and dema11ded the amount to which they were entitled to. The Insurance Company, however, did not make payment which constrained the complainants to approach National Commission by filing three complaints being Complaint Nos. 194, 209 and 210 of 1994.

6Copy pinpoint6. The prayer made in the complaints and the demand in C respect of policies and sums may be summarized thus;

S. Policy No. Sum Comp- Items covered No. Assured laint No

1. 112119000249 Rs.40 194/94 Stock of Wheat, Wheat Lakhs Products and Packing D material and Goods of like nature of the Mills. ('Wheat Policy')

2. 113119000312 Rs.25 210/94 Stocks of Raw Material Lakhs like Flour, Maida, Ghee, E chemicals etc. in godown belonging to Baking Industry. ('Raw Material Policy')

3. 113119000313 Rs.53 209/94 Plant & Machinery F Lakhs installed in Baking . Industry. ('Plant Policy') (a) Factory Building ··1 Rs.21 lakhs

G (b) Electric fittings Rs.4 lakhs (c) Plant & Machinery Rs.28 lakhs

7Copy pinpoint7. The Insurance Company repudiated the claim of the

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 677 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

complainants. At a belated stage, survey had been carried out by the Insurance Company through its Surveyors wherein it w.as observed that substantial damage had not been caused to building, plant, r.nachinery and electricity fittings and the complainants were not entitled to th~ amount demanded by them under the said head. The Insurance Company also assessed the damage to the building, plant, machinery and electricity fittings to. the extent of Rs.31,373/- and nothing more. 4(.

8Copy pinpoint8. Wi.th regard to raw-materials and stocks, the amount was substantially curtailed by the Insurance Company inter alia on the grounds that the stocks were perishable in nature and c had become unfit for human consumption and the same had been badly affected by bacterial growth. It had become worthless at the time of mishap in 1991. It was also contended

,, that in absence of proper 'watch and ward staff, there was pilferage of stocks and raw materials by intruders as well as by staff members of the complainants' Company and Mill. It was, D

therefore, submitted that the complainants were not entitled to the amount claimed in the complaints.

9Copy pinpoint9. The National Commission went into the merits of the matter and held that the complainants were entitled to certain reliefs. With regard to stocks kept in the godown of the Mill, it observed that it was covered by policy No. 1131190000249. )- The policy was for an amount of Rs. forty lakhs and premium k of Rs.5,814/- was paid. The claim put forward by the complainants was for Rs.37, 78,618/-. According to the complainants, the stocks which were lying in the units were as under;

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A Commodity Quantity Rate Amount (Rs.)

Wheat 21'38.48 Otis. Rs.400/Qtl. 8,55,392 ~ ~ . Maida 4676 Bags (90 Kg.) Rs.450/bag 21,04,200

Krishna 271 Bags (80 Kg.) Rs.400/bag 1,08,400 Bhog Atta Super 59S2 Bags (10 Kg) Rs.SS/bag 3,27,360 Fine Atta Bran . 2090 Bag (10 Kg) Rs.100/bag 2,09,000 c Bardana (Total value as per. 1,74,267 (Packing Books) Material)

Total 37,78,619 D · 10. The National Commission held that surveyors of the complainants had prepared a report and submitted to the Insurance Company, but the claim was repudiated on the ground that there were no stock worth its while as there was E pBferage since the units remained closed for about twenty months. It was also contended by the Insurance Company that the stock was not fit for human consumption. The final survey report at the instance of the Insurance Company recommended to settle the claim of the complainants at Rs.5, 18,619/-. The F figure was communicated by the Insurance Company to the complainants.

11Copy pinpoint11. The National Commission noted that respondent No. 2 Grindlays Bank supported the case of the complainants and prayed that the amount claimed by the complainants be given to them as the complainants executed mortgage documents in the favour of the Bank.

12Copy pinpoint12. The National Commission considered the evidence of Mr. Ghulam Rasool Wani, the only witness examined on behalf H · of the complainants who was an illiterate staff member. On

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 679 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.] .......... behalf of the Insurance Company, two surveyors, Mr. Andrasabi A · and Mr. AK. Gupta were examined. The Insurance Company also examined Mr. V.K. Malik and Mr. M.R. Grover. The National Commission considered the relevant documentary and oral evidence and observed that the risk was covered by the terms and conditions of the insurance policy. It also held that the units 8 could not work in view of militancy in the area and the units were required to be closed down. It believed the case of the ' -1 complainants that there was terrorist attack on both the units on November 12, 1991 and the militants set on fire the units. It further recorded a finding that there was no evidence c ' I. whatsoever to conclude that there was pilferage either by the intruders or by the staff members of any of the units. It, however, held that stocks were worthless, and as such, the complainants were not entitled to the amount claimed. According to the National Commission, an amount of Rs.5, 18,619/- as ~ D recommended by the surveyors of the Insurance Company was ;:,.1 a reasonable figure and ought to have been accepted by the I

• Insurance Company. Accordingly, it held that the complainants were entitled to the said amount.

13Copy pinpoint13. With regard to the raw material, it was covered by E policy No.1131190000312 and the coverage was for Rs. 25 lakhs. Premium of Rs.4,821/- was paid and the policy was subsisting. )"

14Copy pinpoint14. The break up given for such claim was as under; F ~ ' Raw Materials Rs. 11,52,248-00

Packing Materials Rs. 05,40,079-00 " r

• Interest@ 18% Rs. 08,66,471-00 " G ( ---------------------- ~ TOTAL Rs. 25,58,798-00 '..--<l ----------------------

15Copy pinpoint15. Thus, according to the complainants, total loss in H

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A respect of raw materials and allied perils was to the extent of Rs. ·25,58,798i-. -On the said claim, the Insurance Company appointed three·investigalors, i.e. Mr. Hamdani, Andrasabi and Adarsh·Associates. The slirveyors,Tn theirreport, narrated the facts and circumstanees of the case· and leff the artfount- of a vatuatio'ri :of ra:w materials to the oppbsite party: Jn a subsequ'ent report, however, they gave a figure of Rs.4,33, 122/- for settlement of the claim and asked th-e com·plainants wheth'er they were ready to accept the amount. Upon the query by the -)- ' complainants, however, the Insurance Company, instead of c giving response to the query, repudiated the claim vide letter dated April 19, 1995 on the ground that there was pilferage and hence, the Insurance Company was not liable. Moreover, though there was destruction of raw material due to fire in the units, since the raw materials were unfit for human consumption. the complainants' claim was not well-founded. It was, therefore, held 0 that the complainants were not entitled to the claim.

16Copy pinpoint16. The National Commission considered the question and observed that there was no pilferage and taking into account the weather condition in Srinagar, it could not be held E that the·raw mate.rials had become worthless or unfit for human consumption. Considering the reports, it was held by the National Commission that as per the Surveyors Report at the instance of the Insurance Company, the claimants were entitled to Rs.4,53, 122/-. F

17Copy pinpoint17. in respect of building, plant, machinery anq electricity fittings, the claim was covered by policy No.1131190000313. It was for Rs. 53 lakhs. The break-up was as follows;

i) Factory Building Rs. 21,00,000 • G ii) Electric fittings including Transformer etc. Rs. 4,00,000

iii) Machinery of all kinds used for Rs. 28,00,000 Manufacture of Biscuits, Bread etc.

H Rs. 53,00.000

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 681 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. (C.K. THAKKER, J.]

,........, 18. The Insurance company, on the other hand, stated that the complainants were entitled only to Rs.31,373/- and nothing more.

19Copy pinpoint19. The National Commission considered the question and observed that the complaint relating to the said policy was required to be allowed in part. The Insurance Company was directed to make payment of Rs.31,373/- towards damage to building with interest at the rate- of 12 per cent and the -1 complaints were accordingly disposed of.

20Copy pinpoint20. Being aggrieved by the order passed by the National c Commission, three appeals have been filed by the complainants. The grievance of the complairiants is that though the complainants were entitled to the amount which had been claimed by them, based on evidence and Surveyors' Reports, the National Commission committed an error of fact and of law in not granting the prayer and in not allowing the complaints in _;f their entirety. It was, therefore, submitted that the appeals deserve to be allowed by directing the Insurance Company to pay full amount with interest at the rate of 18 per cent from November 12, 1991 and costs. The prayer was also maqe to pay appropriate amount towards harassment caused to the complainants.

21Copy pinpoint21. Two appeals are filed by the Insurance Company. In 't the appeals, it was contended by the Insurance Company that F ' the National Commission was in error in granting relief in favour of the complainants. The complainants were not entitled to any relief since in absence of the Managing Director and other responsible persons, there was pilferage by intruders and staff members themselves for which the Insurance C_ompany cannot be held liable nor it can be directed to make payment. Similarly, G raw materials and stocks had become unfit for human __.. consumption and the complainants were not entitled to the amount claimed by the complainants from the Insurance Company. The amount which was offered by the Insurance Company was adequate and sufficient. The amount on account H

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A of poor quality of goods and materials had been rightly >-.. deducted. The order passed by the National Commission,' therefore, deserves interference by allowing the appeals of the Insurance Company.

22Copy pinpoint22. Grindlays Bank has not challenged the order passed B by the National Commission. Canara Bank, however, has filed two,appeals by obtaining special leave from this Court against orders passed in Original Petition Nos. 209 of 1994 and 210 r of 1994. It has supported the case of the complainants. )-- According to the Canara Bank, the claim put forward by the c complainants was well-founded and ought to have been I:- allowed in tote by directing the Insurance Company to pay full amount towards loss and damage claimed by the complainants. It, however, submitted that the entire amount to which the complainants were entitled ought to have been ordered to be D paid to the Bank in view of the fact that the Insurance Policies \

had been assigned in favour of the Bank. In law, such an r;_ ' assignment amounts to transfer of actionable claim in favour of the Bank. The Insurance Company is, therefore, bound to pay the amount to Canara Bank. Reliance in this connection was ~ E placed on behalf of the Bank on Section 38 of the Insurance ~ Act, 1938; Sections 130 and 135 of the Transfer of Property '

Act, 1882 and a decision of this Court in Chief Executive Officer & Vice Chairman, Gujarat Maritime Board v. Haji Daud Haji Harun Abu & Ors., (1996) 11 SCC 23. It was, ~ F therefore, submitted that appeals filed by the complainants should be allowed but the entire amount in relation to two " policies be ordered to be paid to Canara Bank.

23Copy pinpoint23. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties. Learned counsel for the complainants contended that the G National Commission committed an error of fact and of law in not allowing the complaints and tre claims put forward by the complainants in their entirety. It was submitted that the National . >-.. Commission recorded a finding that the claims were covered by policies which were operative. Claims were lodged by the H

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 683 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.] ,..4. complainants on the basis of damage sustained by them. In A t· support of such claims, survey was made and Surveyors' Reports were duly forwarded to the Insurance Company. The defence of the Insurance Company that there was pilferage by the intruders as well as by staff members of the complainants was not believed. Regarding adverse affect on raw materials B and stocks, the National Commission observed that keeping in view the climatic conditions of Srinagar, it could not be said that the entire stock and raw material was unfit for human consumption. It, therefore, allowed part of the claim of the complainants. Accordii'lg to them, however, the National c Commission was not right in deducting the claim of the complainants. Apart from favourable climatic conditions in Jammu & Kashmir, the National Commission ought to have appreciated the fact that the complainants could not carry on their business activities of preparing biscuits, breads, cakes and other items not because of inaction on their part, but ;., because of terrorist activities and militancy in the area. It was, therefore, not a case of voluntary omission to carry on trade, but it was compulsion that they could not produce goods. It was contended that terrorism was one of the terms covered by the Insurance Policy and since the business could not be carried on because of terrorism, the complainants had to suspend operations of both the units. The complainants cannot be held even partly responsible for such suspension of operation of ... units and stoppage of business. The National Commission "" ought to have appreciated these facts and ought to have allowed the claim of the complainants.

24Copy pinpoint24. It was also submitted that in spite of continuous requests by the complainants to the Insurance Company to get the survey done, no action was taken by the Insurance Company G for a pretty long time. Moreover, even after the survey was got ... done by the Insurance Company thro.ugh its own Surveyors and ........ as per their reports, certain amounts were required to be paid, the said amount was also not paid by the Insurance Company. Regarding certain items, there was no response whatsoever H 1

684 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 15 S.C.R.

A by the Insurance Company. The National Commission also took irito account those facts, but allowed the claim of the ...-.>-.... '

complainants only in p~Ht. Th·e order of the National Commission to tha.t ext~nt, therefore, requires to be modified .by granting . full claim . of the complainants. B

25Copy pinpoint25. It was submitted that in the facts and circumstances and entitlement of the complainants for full claim, appeals filed by the Insurance Company are liable to be dismissed. 'r

26Copy pinpoint26. Regarding to appeals filed by Canara Bank, it was c submitted that the appeals are not maintainable. The National Commission was, therefore, wholly right in not directing the Insurance Company to pay the claim amount to the Bank. It was also submitted that such claim lodged by the Canara bank was even otherwise not tenable. It was urged that under Section 3 D of the Jammu & Kashmir Migrants (Stay of Proceedings) Act, 1997, no such claim could have been lodged by the Bank 'K against the complainants by approaching a Civil Court by filing a suit and no order could have been made or a decree could have been passed by a competent Court in view of the provisions of the said Act. Since no such claim is maintainable in the light of statutory provisions, the Bank cannot by this indirect method, obtain a decree and get it executed which it could not have otherwise got in view of the suspension of such claims. It was, therefore, submitted that both the appeals filed by the Canara Bank are also liable to be dismissed. -1 .,,, ..

27Copy pinpoint27. The learned counsel for the respondent Insurance ( Company contended that the National Commission was not '' ( • right in partly allowing the claims of the complainants. It was stated that the Insurance Company got the survey done through its·surveyors and the amount to which the complainants were { found entitled was offered to them. But the complainants wanted ' ..... more amount and approached the National Commission. It was ,>--., also submitted that from the Survey Reports, it was clearly proved that stocks and raw materials had become unfit for H \

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 685 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

human consumption. The rNational Commission was, therefore, right in reducing the claim to that extent. According to the counsel, however, the National Commission was not right in observing and recording a finding that there was no pilferage. It was stated that it was not in dispute that after Praneet Sawhney was shot dead by the terrorists, the operation in both the units stood suspended and Managing Director of the Company (Rajendra Kumar Sawhney) left Srinagar and went to Delhi and only employees were there. It was, therefore, --1 obvious that in absence of any responsible officer belonging to Sawhney family, there was pilferage as stated by the c Insurance Company and the National Commission could not have recorded a finding to the contrary. To that extent, therefore, their appeals deserve to be allowed.

28Copy pinpoint28. The learned counsel for the Canara Bank, on the one hand, supported the claim of the complainants and submitted that once the operation of the units became impossible due to . terrorist activities which was covered by a clause in Insurance Policy and the complainants could not carry on business, the National Commission was not justified in rejecting any part of the claim of the complainants. On the basis of survey reports substantial loss to the building, plant, machinery and electricity fittings had been proved and the complainants were entitled to the entire amount. Similarly, with regard to raw materials and stocks, nothing could ·have been deducted by the National ., ~ Commission as it was impossible for the complainants to carry on production. The only reason why the units could not operate was militancy activities in the area. If it were so, the National Commission was not justified in taking into account the fact as to suspension of business for reduction of claim and consideration of the aspect that certain items were unfit for human consumption and the amount was liable to be reduced.

29Copy pinpoint29. It was, however, submitted that indisputably substantial advance was made to the complainants by the Bank and it was having charge over the property of the Company and of the Mill. It had also a right of lien. It was, therefore incumbent on the H

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 687 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

case wherein the complainants did not undertake the activities A which were required to be undertaken by them, but they could not operate the units and carry on business. No fault, therefore, can be found against the complainants for suspending the operation of both the units. The complainants obviously cannot suffer because of non-production in the Mill as well as in the 8 Company. The National Commission was, therefore, not right in reducing any amount on the ground that certain stocks and raw materials were unfit for human consumption. It was not '"'"1 intentional or deliberate act on the part of the complainants in stopping production and allowing the stocks and raw materials C, to get spoiled or damaged and by making them unfit for human consumption. It was because of the militant activities and terrorism that the Company and the Mill could not do business and produce goods. Reduction of amount by the National Commission on that count was, therefore, unjustified and in our opinion, that part of the order requires interference by this Court.

"" 32. As regards pilferage by intruders and staff members, except ipse dixit on the part of the Insurance Company, no material whatsoever has been placed on record in support of such allegation. The National Commission, in our opinion, was justified in not accepting such bare assertion without any evidence or concrete material in support of such plea. In fact, a finding has been recorded by the National Commission that the godowns were 'full' when they were set on fire. 'Watch and .... ward staff were protecting the Mill and the Company. There was F ~ also a 'Police post' nearby both the units. Further, the report submitted by Mr. Andrasabi as to pilferage was not reliable. In Shyam Sunder Narang v. United India Insurance Co., (1997) 111 CPJ 599, an adverse comment had been made by the National Commission against the report submitted by Mr. G Andrasabi. Hence, in our opinion, the National Commission was right in not believing 'pilferage theory' advanced by the Insurance Company.

33. The matter, however, did not end there. Even before H

688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 15 S.C.R.

A us, nothing has been shown from which such an inference could be drawn by a reasonable and prudent man as to pilferage by intruders or staff members. The National Commission, in our judgment, was wholly right in negativing the contention of the Insurance Company that substantial part of stocks and raw B materials had been taken away by intruders or staff members. No reduction, therefore, could be allowed on that count.

34. The National Commission was also right in observing that no payment was made by the Insurance Company even as per the survey conducted by the Surveyor appointed by the C Insurance Company. Taking into consideration the entire facts and circumstances, in our opinion, the complainants are entitled to claim compensation towards building, plant, machinery and electricity fittings, raw materials and stocks.

D 35. Accordingly, the complainants are held to be entitled to thefollowing;

Policy No. Amount entitled to be awarded in favour of the appellant-insured E 113119000249 Rs. 37,78,619/-

113119000313 Rs. 25,81,600/- F

35. In view of the fact that the appeals filed by the complainants are allowed, the appeals filed by the Insurance Company must necessarily fail. Accordingly, the appeals filed by the Insurance Company are dismissed. G

36. In respect of Policy No. 113119000249, no appeal has been filed by the Grindlays Sank. It was obs-erved by the • National Commission in the impugned judgment that the matter >--.... i appears to have been settled between the parties. In any case, H there is no appeal by a financial institution so far as the said

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 689 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

policy is concerned. A ~..

37. But as far as the appeals by Canara Bank are concerned, in our opinion, the claim put forward by the Bank is well founded.

Section 38 of the Insurance Act reads thus; B

Section 38 - Assignment and transfer of insurance policies

(1) A transfer or assignment of a policy of life insurance, c whether with or without consideration may be made only by an endorsement upon the policy itself or by a separate instrument, signed in either case by the transferor or by the ' ;

assignor his duly authorised agent and attested by at least one witness, specifically setting forth the fact of transfer or assignment. ..."'T (2) The transfer or assignment shall be complete and effectual upon the execution of such endorsement or instrument duly attested but except where the transfer or assignment is in favour of the insurer shall not be operative as against an in~urer and shall not confer upon the transferee or assignee, or his legal representative, and right to sue for the amount of such policy or the moneys secured thereby until a notice in writing of the transfer or ~.- assignment and either the said endorsement or instrument F 111111!' itself or a copy thereof certified to be correct by both transferor and transferee or their duly authorised agents have been delivered to the insurer:

Provided that where the insurer maintains one or more places of business in India, such notice shall be delivered 0 only at the place in [India] mentioned in the policy for the purpose or at his principal place of business in India. ,..-4 (3) The date on which the notice referred to in sub-section (2) is delivered to the insurer shall regulate the priority of H

690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 15 S.C.R.

A all claims under a transfer or assignment as between persons interested in the policy; and where there is more than one instrument of transfer or assignment the priority of the claims under such instruments shall be governed by the order in which the notices referred to in sub-section (2) B are delivered.

(4) Upon the receipt of the notice referred to in sub-section (2), the insurer shall record the fact of such transfer or assignment together with the date thereof and the name of the transferee or the assignee and shall, on the request c of the person by whom the notice was given, or of the transferee or assignee, on payment of a fee not exceeding one rupee, grant a written acknowledgement of the receipt of such notice; and any such acknowledgement shall be conclusive evidence against the insurer that he has duly received the notice to which such acknowledgement relates.

(5) Subject to the terms and conditions of the transfer or assignment, the insurer shall, from the date of receipt of the notice referred to in sub-section (2)], recognise the transferee or assignee named in the notice as the only person entitled to benefit under the policy, and such person shall be subject to all liabilities and equities to which the transferor or assignor was subject at the date of the transfer or assignment and may institute any proceedings in relation to the policy without obtaining the consent of the transferor or assignor or making him a party to such proceedings.

(6) Any rights and remedies of an assignee or transferee of a policy of life insurance under an assignment or transfer effected prior to the commencement of this Act shall not be affected by the provisions of this section. >-..._' (7) Notwithstanding any law or custom having the force of law to the contrary, an assignment in favour of a person

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 691 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

made with the condition that it shall be inoperative or that A ,,.4._ the interest shall pass to some other person on the happening of a specified event during the lifetime of the person whose life is insured, and an assignment in favour of the survivor or survivors of a number of persons, shall be valid. B

38. Likewise, both the sections, i.e. Sections 130 and 135 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 are explicitly clear and they read as under;

Section 130 - Transfer of actionable claim a (1) The transfer of an actionable claim whether with or without consideration shall be effected only by the execution of an instrument in writing signed by the transferor or his duly authorized agent, shall be complete D and effectual upon the execution of such instrument, and thereupon all the rights and remedies of the transferor, _."l' whether by way of damages or otherwise, shall vest in the transferee, whether such notice of the transfer as is hereinafter provided be given or not: E Provided that every dealing with the debt or other actionable claim by the debtor or other person from or against whom the transfer would, but for such instrument of transfer as aforesaid, have been entitled to recover or ~ enforce such debt or other actionable claim, shall (save F ~ where the debtor or other person is a party to the transfer or has received express notice thereof as hereinafter provided) be valid as against such transfer. ,, (2) The transferee of an actionable claim may, upon the G execution of such instrument of transfer as aforesaid, sue or institute proceedings for the same in his own name without obtaining the transferor's consent to such suit or ~ proceedings and without making him a part thereto.

Exception.-Nothing in this section applies to the transfer H

692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 15 S.C.R.

A of a marine or fire policy of insurance or affects the provisions of section 38 of the Insurance Act, 1938.

Section 135 - Assignment of rights under policy of insurance against fire

B Every assignee by endorsement or other writing, of a policy of insurance against fire, in whom the property in the subject insured shall be absolutely vested at the date of the assignment, shall have transferred and vested in him all rights of suit as if the contract contained in the policy c had been made with himself.

39. In our opinion, therefore, the submission of the learned counsel for the Bank that as soon as a decree is passed or order is made in favour of the complainants, the Bank is entitled to the said amount is well founded. For such a relief, it is not 0 necessary for the· Bank to become a plaintiff by filing a suit in a competent Court of law and obtain a decree in its favour. It is true that had it been the position, the provisions of 1997 Act would get attracted and such suit would be stayed and no decree could have been passed by a competent Court in E favour of the creditor. But in the light of the statutory provisions in the Insurance Act and in the Transfer of Property Act, the Bank is entitled to the amount directly from the Insurance Company.

F 40. In our opinion, the learned counsel for the Bank is also right in relying upon the decision in Gujarat Maritime Board. In that case, a similar question came up for consideration before this Court. There one B was financed by for purchase of vessel. The vessel so purchased was mortgaged in favour of ' G A. As per the Finance Agreement between the parties, was required to take out a comprehensive risk insurance policy and assign it in favour of Director of Ports representing Government of Gujarat. The insurance also contained an endorsement in terms of the agreement. The vessel on its voyage sunk in the H sea. B filed a complaint before the National Commission I

KRISHNA FOOD & BAKING INDUSTRY P. LTD. v. NEW 693 INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

claiming the insurance amount from the Insurance Company. A A brought to the notice of the Commission that it had an interest in the vessel as a mortgagee. The Commission, however, directed the Insurance Company to pay entire amount to B. A approached this Court. This Court held that the directions of the National Commission that the entire insurance amount be B paid to B was unsustainable in law. Accordingly, the appeal filed by the Maritime Board was allowed and the order passed by the National Commission was set aside. --,

41. In our opinion, the point is directly concluded by the above decision of this Court in Gujarat Maritime Board and the c National Commission was not right in rejecting the claim of the Bank. The appeals of the Bank are, therefore, required to be allowed.

42. For the foregoing reasons, the appeals filed by the D Insurance Company are ordered to be dismissed. The appeals

-" filed by the complainants are required to be allowed to the extent indicated above with interest at the rate of 9 per cent per annum from the date of filing of complaints before the National Commission, till the date of payment. So far as Appeal E concerning Policy No. 11319000249 relating to stocks is concerned, the complainants are entitled to get the entire amount of Rs.37,78,619/- since there is no appeal in respect of the said policy. Canara Bank is not concerned with the said ~ policy. Grindlays Bank has not approached this Court and had F " supported the complainants before the National Commission. t The two appeals of Canara Bank are in regard to two policies, 113190000312 and 113190000313, raw materials policy and ----{ plant policy. Both the appeals of Canara Bank are allowed and the Insurance Company is directed to make payment to Canara G Bank and not to the complainants in respect of the amount to be paid to the complainants.

A 43. All appeals are disposed of accordingly with no order as to costs. N.J. H Appeals disposed of.