LAKHWANT SINGH v. JASBIR SINGH AND ORS.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a learned Single Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court allowing the application filed under Sec- • > tion 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the 'Cr.P.C.'). Respondents had filed an application praying for B quashing the First Information Report (in short the 'FIR') regis- tered against them foi alleged commission of theft on 13.7.1999. Statement in the FIR was that while executing the order in their favour possession of land of the complainant was illegally taken in execution of warrant of possession. The High Court accepted c the prayer holding that the aforesaid aspect of the matter can be examined if any objections are filed before the concerned Court that warrant officer/bailiff acted beyond the warrant of possession, and this could not give rise to registration of the _,__,, crime and, therefore, the matter is before us. D

2Copy pinpoint2. Learned counsel for the appellant had referred to docu- ment appearing at Annexure R/6 and submitted that without even· analyzing the factual and legal aspects, by an abrupt conclu- sion the learned Single Judge should not have quashed the pro- ceedings. With reference to the objections filed before the High E Court it was pointed out that the challan had already been filed in the Court, and learned Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class had com- mitted the case to the court of Sessions Judge, Amritsar. Cer- tain other factual aspects have also been referred to. It was further pointed out that while considering the application filed in terms of Section 438 Cr.P.C., learned Additional Sessions Judge, Amritsar had passed a detailed order highlighting the role played by respondents 1 to 5.

3Copy pinpoint3. Learned counsel for respondents 1 to 5 supported the judgment of the trial Court. ---( 4. Exercise of power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. in a case of this nature is the exception and not the rule. The section does not confer any new powers on the High Court. It only saves the inherE: ;1t power which the Court possessed before the enact- H

p. 548 Copy page pinpoint

A ment of the Code. It envisages three circumstances under which the inherent jurisdiction may be exercised, namely, (i) to give effect to an order under the Code, (ii) to prevent abuse of the process of court, and (iii) to otherwise secure the ends of jus- tice. It is neither possible nor desirable to lay down any inflex- B ible rule which would govern the exercise of inherent jurisdic- tion. No legislative enactment dealing with procedure can pro- vide for all cases that may possibly arise. Courts, therefore, have inherent powers apart from express provisions of law which are necessary for proper discharge of functions and duties im- C posed upon them by law. That is the doctrine which finds ex- pression in the Section which merely recognizes and preserves inherent powers of the High Courts. All courts, whether civil or criminal possess, in the absence of any express provision, as inherent in their constitution, all such powers as are necessary to do the right and to undo a wrong in course of administration 0 ..,- - of justice on the principle quando lex aliquid alique concedit, conceciitur et id sine quo res ipsa esse non potest (when the law gives a person anything it gives him that without which it cannot exist). While exercising powers under the Section, the Court does not function as a court of appeal or revision. lnher- E ent jurisdiction under the Section though wide has to be exer- cised sparingly, carefully and with caution and only when such exercise is justified by the tests specifically laid down in the Section itself. It is to be exercised ex debito justitiae to do real and substantial justice for the administration of which alone F courts exist. Authority of the court exists for advancement of jus- tice and if any attempt is made to abuse that authority so as to produce injustice, the court has power to prevent such abuse. It would be an abuse of process of the court to allow any action which would result in injustice and prevent promotion of justice. G In exercise of the powers court would be justified to quash any proceeding if it finds that initiation/continuance of it amounts to abuse of the process of court or quashing of these proceed- ings would otherwise serve the ends of justice. When no of- fence is disclosed by the complaint, the court may examine the H question of fact. When a complaint is sought to be quashed, it

p. 549 Copy page pinpoint

AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

is permissible to look into the materials to assess what the com- A plainant has alleged and whether any offence is made out even if the allegations are accepted in toto.

5Copy pinpoint5. In R.P Kapur v. State of Punjab (AIR 1960 SC 866), this Court summarized some categories of cases where inher- · ent power can and should be exercised to quash the proceed- 8 ings.

(i) where it manifestly appears that there is a legal bar against the institution or continuance e.g. want of sanction; c (ii) where the allegations in the first information report or complaint taken at its face value and accepted in their entirety do not constitute the offence alleged; _..,,, (iii) where the allegations constitute an offence, but there 0 is no legal evidence adduced or the evidence adduced clearly or manifestly fails to prove the charge.

6Copy pinpoint6. In dealing with the last case, it is important to bear in mind the distinction between a case where there is no legal evidence or where there is evidence which is clearly inconsis- E tent with the accusations made, and a case where there is le- gal evidence which, on appreciation, may or may not support the accusations. When exercising jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code, the High Court would not ordinarily embark upon an enquiry whether the evidence in question is reliable or not or F whether on a reasonable appreciation of it accusation would not be sustained. That is the function of the trial Judge. Judicial process no doubt should not be an instrument of oppression or needless harassment. Court should be circumspect and judi- cious in exercising discretion and should take all relevant facts G. and circumstances into consideration before issuing process, lest it would be ari instrument in the hands of a private com- plainant to unleash vendetta to harass any person needlessly. At the same time the Section is not an instrument handeq over to ar accused to short-circuit a prosecution and bring about its H

550 SUPREME COURT REPORTS. (2008] 13 S.CR.

A sudden death. The scope of exercise of power under Sect.on 482 of the Cede and the categories of cases where the Hign Court may exercise its power under it relating to cognizable offences to prevent abuse of process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice were set out in some detail by this B Court in State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal (1992 Supp (1) SCC 335) A note of caution was, however, added that the power should be exercised sparingiy and that too in rarest of rare cases. The illustrative categories indicated by this Court are as foliows: c "(1) .Wtiere the allegations made in the first information .. report or the complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their entirety do not prima facie constitute any offence or make out a case against the accused. D (2) Where the allegations in the first information report and other materials, if any, accompanying the FIR do not disclose a cognizable offence, justifying an ·investigation by police officers under Section 156(1) of the Code except under an order of a Magistrate · E within the purview of Section 155(2) of the Code. (3) Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the F.l.R. or complaint and the evidence collected in support of the same do not disclose the commission F of any offence and· make out a case against the . accused. (4) Where the allegations in the F.l.R. do not constitute a cognizable offence but constitute only a non- cognizable offence, no investigation is permitted by G a Police Officer without an order of a Magistrate as contemplated under S. 155(2) of the Code . (5) .. Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which no prudent person can ever reach a just H

--f LAKHWANT SINGH v JASBIR SINGH 551 AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

conclusion that there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused.

(6) Where there is an express legal bar engrafted in any of the provisions of the Code or the concerned Act ~ (under which a criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution and continuance of the proceedings and/or where there is a specific provision in the Code or the concerned Act, providing efficacious redress for the grievance of the aggrieved party.

(7) Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended c with mala fide and/or where the proceeding is maliciously instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on the accused and with a view to spite him due to private and personal grudge." .~,.-

7Copy pinpoint7. As noted above, the powers possessed by the High D Court under Section 482 Cr.P.C. are very wide and the very plenitude of the power requires great caution in its exercise. Court must be careful to see that its decision in exercise of this power is based on sound principles. The inherent power should not be exercised to stifle a legitimate prosecution. High Court E being the highest Court of a State should normally refrain from giving a prima facie decision in a case where the entire facts are incomplete and hazy, more so when the evidence has not been collected and produced before the Court and the issues involved, whether factual or legal, are of magnitude and cannot F be seen in their true perspective without sufficient material. Of course, no hard and fast rule can be laid down in regard to cases in which the High Court will exercise its extraordinary jurisdic- tion of quashing the proceeding at any stage. (See : The Janata Dal etc. v. H. S. Chowdhary and others, etc. (Al R 1993 SC 892) G Dr. Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar and another (Al R 1964 . ._, SC 1)). It would not be proper for the High Court to analyse the case of the complainant in the light of all probabilities in order to determine whether a cQnviction would be sustainable and on such premises, arrive at a conclusion that the proceedings ore H

552 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 13 S.C.R. \- - A to be quashed. It would be erroneous to assess the material before it and conclude that the complaint cannot be proceeded with. In proceeding instituted on complaint, exercise of the in- herent powers to quash the proceedings is called for only in a case where the complaint does not disclose any offence or is B frivolous, vexatious or oppressive. If the allegations set out in the complaint do not constitute the offence of which cognizance . ..

has been taken by the Magistrate, it is open to the High Court to quash the same in exercise of the inherent powers under Section 482 Cr.P.C. It is not, however, necessary that there should be meticulous analysis of the case before the trial to find c out whether the case would end in conviction or acquitta!. The complaint has to be read as a whole. If it appears that on con- sideration of the allegations in the light of the statement made on oath of the complainant that the ingredients of the offence or offences are disclosed and there is no material to show that the D complaint is mala fide, frivolous or vexatious, in that event there r-

would be no justification for interference by the ~:.;;1> Court. When an information is lodged at the police station and an offence is registered, then the ma la tides of the informant would be of sec- ondary importance. It is the material collected during the inves- E tigation and evidence led in Court which decides the fate of the accused person. The allegations of mala tides against the in- formant are of no consequence and cannot by itself be the ba- sis for quashing the proceeding. (See : Mrs. Dhanalakshmi v. R. Prasanna Kumar and others (AIR 1990 SC 494), State of F Bihar and another v. P P Sharma, /.A.S. and another (1992 r " Suppl (1) SCC 222), Rupan Deal Bajaj (Mrs.) and another v. Kanwar Pal Singh Gill and another (1995 (6) SCC 194), State of Kera/a and others v. 0. C. Kuttan and others (1999 (2) sec 651), State of UP v. 0. P Sharma (1996 (7) SCC 705), Rashmi Kumar (Smt.) v. Mahesh Kumar Bhada (1997 (2) SCC 397), G Satvinder Kaur v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) and another (1999 (8) SCC 728), Rajesh Bajaj v. State NCT of Delhi and y-- others AIR 1999 SC 1216).

8Copy pinpoint8. These aspects were highlighted in State of Karnataka H v. M. Devendrappa and another (2002 (3) SCC 89).

LAKHWANT SINGH v. JASBIR SINGH 553

-i AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

9Copy pinpoint9. In Jehan Singh v. Delhi Admn. (1974 (4) SCC 522) while considering a case under Section 561-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (in short "the Old Code") corresponding to Sec- tion 482 CrPC, it was observed as follows: (AIR p.1146)

),- ~ "Where at the date of filing the petition under Section 561- A, no charge-sheet or a complaint has been laid down in court and the matter is only at the stage of investigation by police, the court cannot, in exercise of its inherent jurisdiction under Section 561-A, interfere with the statutory powers of the police to investigate into the alleged offence, and quash the proceedings, Even assuming that the c allegations in the FIR are correct and constitute an offence so as to remove the legal bar to institute proceedings in court, the court cannot at that stage appraise the evidence collected by the police in their investigation. Any petition _-.,~ under Section 561-A at such a stage is, therefore, D prerriature and incompetent." (SCC p. 526, paras 16-18)

10Copy pinpoint10. It is to be noted that the investigation )NaS not com- plete and at that stage it was impermissible for the High Court to look into materials, the acceptability of which is essentially a matter for trial. While exercising jurisdiction under Section 482 E Cr.P.C, it is not permissible for the Court to act as if it was a trial court. Even when charge is framed at that stage, the Court has to only prima facie be satisfied about the existence of sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. For that limited purpose, the Court can evaluate material and documents on F records but it cannot appreciate evidence. The Court is not re- quired to appreciate evidence to conclude whether the materi- als produced are sufficient or not for convicting the accused. In Chand Ohawan v. Jawahar Lal (1992 (3) SCC 317), it was ob- served that when the materials relied upon by a party are re- G quired to be proved, no inference can be drawn on the basis of ·-"'"'! those materials to conclude the complaint to be unacceptable. The Court should not act on annexures to the petitions under Section 482 CrPC, which cannot be termed as evidence with- out being tested and proved. H

554 SUPREME C.'.OLJRT REPORTS [2008] 13 S.C.R.

A 11 These aspects are highlighted in State of Orissa v. Saroj Kumar Sahoo (2005 (13) SCC 540)

12Copy pinpoint12. Practically non-reasoned order of the High Court does not reveal that the parameters relating to exercise of power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. were kept in view. The inevitable B conclusion is that order of the High Court deserves to be set aside. We direct accordingly.

13Copy pinpoint13. The appeal is allowed.

N.J. Appeal allowed.