BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. & ANR. v. MOTOROLA INDIA PVT. LTD.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by TARUN CHATTERJEE, J. 1. Leave granted. E

2Copy pinpoint2. This appeal is directed against the judgment and final order dated 26th of October, 2006 of the High Court of Kera la at Ernakulam in AR No 18 of 2006 whereby, the High Court had allowed the prayer for appointment of the arbitrator at the in- ~ stance of the respondents and directed the parties to submit F their disputes to arbitration.

3Copy pinpoint3. The pivotal questions that need to be decided in this appeal are: i) Whether the levy of liquidated damages under clause G 16.2 of the tender document is an "excepted matter" ,.. in terms of clause 20.1 of the said document so that the same cannot be referred to arbitration or looked into by the arbitrator. H

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A ii) Whether clause 62 of the special conditions of the tender document will prevail over clause 16.2 of the general conditions of the contract.

4Copy pinpoint4. The relevant facts, which would assist us in appreciat- ing the controversy involved are narrated in a nutshell, which ._ B are as follows: The appellant had issued a notice inviting tender dated 4th of January, 2001, calling upon the eligible bidders for turn key project on planning, engineering, supply, installation and c commissioning of Indian Mobile Personal Communications Sys- tem in the telecom circles of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The respondent submitted its bid in re- sponse to the notice inviting tender and after the technical, com- mercial and. fin,ancial bid evaluation, the respondent was awarded th·e tender and an Advance Purchase Order (APO) 0 dated 5th of September, 2001 for phase I and Phase II was is- sued to it by the appellant. The purchase order provided, inter alia, the terms for payment and the schedule for delivery of the goods. It also provided for liquidated damages in the event of failure on the part of the respondent to meet with the delivery schedule. Clause 16.2 of the general conditions of the tender document provided for liquidated damages to the extent of 0.5% of the value of the delayed quantity of the goods and services for each week of delay or the part thereof for a period of upto 10 weeks and thereafter charge 0. 7% of the value of delayed quantity or part thereof, for a period of upto 10 weeks thereaf- ter. It is the case of the appellants that the respondent had failed to complete phase I and phase II of the project within the sched- ule as provided in the tender document, and therefore, liqui- dated damages were imposed by the Tamil Nadu Circle of the appellant on 21•1 of May, 2004 under clause 16.2 of the tender document, quantification of which was beyond the purview of the arbitration agreement. There was an exchange of corre- spondence between the Tamil Nadu Circle of the appellant al- leging the delay in the purchase of goods and the respondents denying any such delay and objecting to the levy of liquidated

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. & ANR. v. 453 MOTOROLA INDIA PVT. LTD. [TARUN CHATIERJEE, J.]

damages. On 24th of March, 2006, the respondent invoked the arbitration clause by sending a letter through its counsel to the appellants to which they did not concede and justified the im- position of liquidated damages. The respondent filed an arbi- tration application before the High Court of Kera la at Ernakulam for the appointment of arbitrator under section 11 of the Arbitra- B tion and Conciliation Act, 1996 in respect of the liquidated dam- ages assessed by the appellant. In the counter affidavit filed in the High Court, the appellant alleged that the liquidated dam- ages assessed and quantified by the appellant under clause 16.2 of the tender document was an excepted matter as per c clause 20.1 of the said document and, therefore, not arbitrable. The High Court, as noted herein earlier, by the impugned judg- ment allowed the arbitration request of the respondents hold- ing that the imposition of liquidated damages by the appellant was not an "excepted matter" and therefore, subject to arbitra- 0 tion. It is this judgment of the High Court, which is impugned in this appeal, in respect of which leave has already been granted.

5Copy pinpoint5. Before proceeding further, we deem it appropriate to note the relevant clauses of the tender document and the pur- chase order, which would assist us in determining whether the E matters alleged are an excepted matt~r. Clause 16.2 reads as under:- "16.2. Should the tenderer fail to deliver the goods and services on turn key basis within the period prescribed, F "the purchaser shall be entitled to recover 0.5% of the value of the delayed quantity of the goods & services, for each week of delay or part thereof, for a period up to 10 weeks and thereafter at the rate of 0. 7% of the value of the delayed quantity of the goods and services for each G week of delay or part thereo(for another 10 weeks of delay In the present case of turn key solution of supply, installation and commissioning, where the delayed portion of the delivery and provisioning of services , materially hampers effective user of the systems, H

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A Liquidated Damages charged shall be levied as above on the total value of the concerned package of the purchase order. Quantum of liquidated damages assessed and levied by the purchaser shall be final and not challengeable by the supplier." B Clause 20.1 which is the arbitration clause and provides for excepted matters, i.e., those matters the decision to which is specifically provided in the agreement itself reads as under:-

20. 1 In the event of any question, dispute or difference c arising under this agreement or in connection there-with (except as to the matters, the decision to which is specifically provided under this agreement), the same shall be referred to the sole arbitration of the CGM, Kera/a Telecom Circle, BSNL or in case his designation is changed or his office is abolished, then in such cases to D the sole arbitration of the officer for the time being entrusted (whether in addition to his own duties or otherwise) with the functions of the CGM, Kera/a Telecom Circle, BSNL or by whatever designation such an officer may be called (hereinafter referred to as the said officer), E and if the CGM Kera/a Telecom Circle or the said officer is unable or unwilling to act as such, then to the sole arbitration of some other person appointed by the CGM, Kera/a Telecom Circle or the said officer. The agreement to appoint an arbitrator will be in accordance with the F Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. There will be no objection to any such appointment on the ground that the arbitrator is a Government Servant or that he has to deal with the matter to which the agreement relates or that in the course of his duties as a government G servant he has expressed his views on all or any of the matters in dispute. The award of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on both the parties to the agreement. In the event of such an arbitrator to whom the matter is originally referred, being transferred or vacating his office • H

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. & ANR. v. 455 ) MOTOROLA INDIA PVT. LTD. [TARUN CHATIERJEE, J.)

or being unable to act for any reason whatsoever, the A CGM, Kera/a Telecom Circle, BSNL or the said officer shall appoint another. person to act as an· arbitrator in accordance with the terms of the agreement and the person so appointed shall be entitled to proceed from ~ the stage at which it was left out by his B pre decessors ... ...... . " Clause 15.2 of Section 111 of the tender document, which deals with the "delays in the supplier's performance" reads as under: "Delay by the Supplier in the performance of its delivery c obligations shall render the Supplier liable to any or all . of the following sanctions, forfeiture of its performance security, imposition of liquidated damages, and/or termination of the contract for default". Clause 62 of Section IV of the tender document which D deals with liquidated damages and incentive reads as under:- 'The bidder shall be charged liquidated damages at the rates as defined in the General conditions of contract as contained in Section Ill for any delay in the turnkey job entrusted to the bidder. However he shall be provided an · E incentive @ 0. 5% of the cost of the network of each service area (Telecom Circle), for each week of early commissioning of the entire network in that service area, subject to a maximum of 3% of the value of the contract of the circle". F

6Copy pinpoint6. Since this appeal arises out of an order, which appointed an arbitrator, to decide the dispute referred to by the respon- dent, we, in this appeal, need to decide that whether in view of the arbitration clause in the tender document provided under clause 20 of the said document, the breach specified in 16.2 is G an "excepted matter".

7Copy pinpoint7. Mr. Gopal Subramaniam, Additional Solicitor General of India appearing on behalf of the appellant contended that in view of the decision of this Court in Vishwa Nath Sood vs. UO/ [(1989) 1 sec 657], a conjoint reading of clause 16.2 and clause H

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A 20.1 would clearly show that clause 16.2 is covered under the excepted matters as provided in clause 20.1 of the tender docu- ment. He further contended that the High Court had erred in holding that the quantification of the liquidated damages was subsequent to the decision of liability of liquidated damages to 8 be payable to the appellant. Therefore, he contended that the respondent had specifically subscribed to each and every clause of the agreement without any objection at the tender stage and accordingly, it was not open to them to claim immunity from the contractual obligations. Thus, the matter in respect of which the C respondent sought reference to arbitration was "excepted mat- ter" in terms of clause 16.2 of the tender agreement. In order to satisfy us in the aforesaid contentions, the learned Additional Solicitor General, Mr. Gopal Subramanium placed strong reliance in the case of Food Corporation of India Vs. D Sreekanth Transport 1999 (4) SCC 491, which has given the following principles relating to "Excepting matters" as under:- \..-

"1. These appeals by the grant of Special Leave pertains to the effect of the usual 'excepted clause' vis-a-vis the arbitration clause in a Government contract. While it is true and as has been contended, that the authorization of the arbitrators to arbitrate, flows from the agreement but the High Court in the judgment impugned thought it fit to direct adjudication of 'excepted matters' in the agreement itself by the arbitrators and hence these appeals before this Court.

2. At the outset, it is pertinent to note that in the usual Government contracts, the reference to which would be made immediately hereafter, there is exclusion of some matters from the purview of arbitration and a senior officer of the Department usually is given the authority and power to adjudicate the same. The clause itself records that the decision of the senior officer, being the adjudicator, shall be final and binding between the parties - this is .. what popularly known as 'excepted matters' in a H Government or Governmental agencies' contract.

) BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. & ANR. v. 457 MOTOROLA INDIA PVT. LTD. [TARUN CHATIERJEE, J.]

3. 'Excepted matters' obviously, as the parties agreed, do not require any further adjudication since the agreement itself provides a named adjudicator - concurrence to the same obviously is presumed by .) reason of the um~quivocal acceptance of the terms of the contract by the parties and this is where the courts have found our lacking in its jurisdiction to entertain an application for reference to arbitration as regards the disputes arising therefrom and it has been the consistent view that in the event the claims arising within the ambit of excepted matters, 'question of assumption of c ;urisdiction of any arbitrator either with or without the intervention of the court would not arise; the parties themselves have decided to have the same adjudicated by a particular officer in regard to these matters; what are these exceptions however are questions of fact and usually mentioned in the contract documents and forms part of the agreement as such there is no ambiguity in the matter of adjudication of these specialized matter;s and termed in the agreement as the excepted matters ..... " Keeping the aforesa.id principles in mind, let us proceed further. We may keep on record that the appellants alleged that re- spondents had not completed phase I and phase II of the project within the schedule as provided in the tender document where- upon the appellants had to impose liquidated damages and in- F voke clause 16.2 of the tender document. But the respondents refuted these allegations. The contention of the respondent in this case was that the delay, if any, was caused due to the appellant's , delay in supplying necessary inputs to the respondent. So the re- spondent contends that it had performed its part of the contract in G time and the blame for delay lies on the appellant. Thus it is to be ~· noted that there is a dispute between the parties on the question whether any breach was committed in this case.

8Copy pinpoint8. The appellant had contended before the High Court of H

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A Kerala that the levy of the liquidated damages on the respon- dent was a matter outside the purview of the scope of arbitra- tion proceedings as it "squarely falls within the exception pro- vided under Clause 20 of Section 111, being the matters for which mode of decision is provided under the Agreement itself." B The respondent on the other hand contended that the claim of the petitioner that the dispute pertaining to levy of liquidated damages falls outside the arbitration agreement being an ex- cepted matter is fallacious.

c The High Court held that there was no reason why the ar- bitration request on behalf of the respondent should not be al- lowed. It held that clause 16.2 is not an excepted matter under clause 20 of the tender document.

9Copy pinpoint9. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and after examining the judgment of the High Court and the other materials on record, we are of the view that this appeal must be dismissed. Clause 20 is the arbitration clause and provides that any question, dispute or difference arising under this agreement or in connection therewith would be referred to arbitration. To this, an exception is also provided which lays down that the matters, the decision to which is specifically provided under this agree- ment, would not be referred to arbitration. From a bare reading of clause 16.2 of Section Ill of the tender document, it is clear that if the tenderer fails to deliver the goods and services on turnkey basis within the period prescribed, the purchaser shall be en- titled to recover liquidated damages and the quantum of the liq- uidated damages assessed and levied by the purchaser shall be final and not challengeable by the supplier.

10Copy pinpoint10. We are in full agreement with the findings of the High G Court that there was a dispute as to whether the respondent had at all acted in breach of any terms and conditions of the tender document. The question to be decided in this case is whether the H liability of the respondent to pay Liquidated Damages and the

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. &ANR. v. 459 MOTOROLA INDIA PVT. LTD. [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]

entitlement of the appellant, to collect the same from the re- A spondent is an excepted matter for the purpose of clause 20.1 of the General Conditions of contract. The High Court has pointed out correctly that the authority of the purchaser (BSNL) to quantify the Liquidated Damages payable by the supplier ~ Motorolla arises once it is found that the supplier is liable to pay 8 the damages Claimed. The decision contemplated under clause 16.2 of the agreement is the decision regarding the quantifica- tion of the Liquidated Damages and not any decision regard- ing the fixing of the liability of the supplier. It is necessary as a condition precedent to find that there has been a delay on the c part of the supplier in discharging his obligation for delivery under the agreement. It is clear from the reading of clause 15.2 that the supplier is to be held liable for payment of liquidated damages to the purchaser under the said clause and not under clause 16.2. The D ~ High Court in this regard correctly observed that it was not stated anywhere in clause 15 that the question as to whether the sup- . plier had caused any delay in the matter of delivery will be de- cided either by the appellant/BSNL or by anybody who has been authorized on the terms of the agreement. Reading clause 15 E and 16 together, it is apparent that clause 16.2 will come. into operation only after a finding is entered in terms of clause 15 that the supplier is liable for payment of liquidated damages on ac- count of delay on his part in the matter of making delivery. There- .:-, fore, clause 16.2 is attracted only after the supplier's liability is F fixed under clause 15.2. It has been correctly pointed out by the High Court that the question of holding a person liable for Liqui- dated Damages and the question of quantifying the amount to be paid by way of Liquidated Dmages are entirely different. Fix- ing of liability is primary, while the quantification, which is pro- G vided for under clause 16.2, is secondary to it.

,. There is no provision in the agreement, apparent on the face of it, relating to a decision made by any specified authority on the issue of levy of Liquidated Damages, as is contemplated under clause 20.1 of the agreement which is excepted from the H

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A purview of arbitration. No decision coming within the scope of excepted matters under clause 20.1 is envisaged by any por- tion of the agreement regarding the liability of the supplier to liquidated damages. Quantification of liquidated damages may be an excepted 8 matter as argued by the appellant, under clause 16.2, but for the levy of liquidated damages, there has to be a delay in the first place. In the present case, there is a clear dispute as to the fact that whether there was any delay on the part of the respon- dent. For this reason, it cannot be accepted that the appoint- c ment of the arbitrator by the High Court was unwarranted in this case. Even if the quantification was excepted as argued by the appellant under clause 16.2, this will only have effect when th9 dispute as to the delay is ascertained.

D Clause 16.2 cannot be treated as an excepted matter because of the fact that it does not provide for any adjudicatory process for ~'

decision on a question, dispute or difference, which is the condition precedent to lead to the stage of quantification of damages. The above stated position can be ascertained through the E judgment of this Court in the case of State of Karnataka vs. Shree·Rameshwara Rice Mills, (1987) 2 SCC 160. This Court in the said case, made a clear distinction between adjudicat- ing upon an issue relating to a breach of condition of contract and the right to assess damages arising from a breach of con- F dition. It was held that the right conferred to assess damages arising from a breach of condition does not include a right to ,, adjudicate upon a dispute relating to the very breach of condi- tions and that the power to assess damages is a subsidiary and consequential power and not the primary power.

11Copy pinpoint11. Clause 20.1 regarding excepted matters reads "In the event of any question, dispute or difference arising under this agreement or in connection there-with (except as to the mat- ters, the decision to which is specifically provided under this agreement) ... ". Therefore it is clear from this provision, mat- H ters which will not fall within the arbitration clause are questions,

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. & ANR. v. 461 MOTOROLA INDIA PVT. LTD. [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.)

disputes or differences, the decision to which is specifically A provided under the agreement. Clause 16.2 is riot a clause where in any decision making power is specifically provided for with regard to any question, dispute or difference between the parties relating to the existence of breach or the very lack of ~ liability for damages, i.e. the levy of Liquidated Damages. B

12Copy pinpoint12. The learned senior counsel for the appellant relied on the decisions of this court in Vishwanath Sood vs. UOI [(1989) 1 SCC 657], and General Manager, Northern Railway vs. Sarvesh Chopra [(2002) 4 sec 45]. These cases, we are afraid, will not be of any help to the appellants being distinguish- c able on facts and having different contractual clauses. We may note that clause 16.2 cannot be treated as an excepted matter. This is because admittedly, it does not, provide for any adjudi- . catory process for decision on a question, dispute or difference, which is the condition precedent to lead to the stage of quanti- D ....... fication of damages nor is it a no claim or no liability clause. In Vishwanath Sood's case (supra), it was held by this court that a particular claim of the government was excluded because the Superintendent Engineer acted as the revisional authority to decide disputes between the two parties by an adjudicatory E process, there being a complete machinery for settlement of the disputes in the relevant clause and most importantly, the Superintendent Engineer had the discretion on consideration of the facts and circumstances including mitigating facts, held no damages was payable. Again in the case of Sarvesh F Chopra, this court had held that the claims covered by the no claims clause, i.e., where the contractor had given up the right to make a claim for breach on the part of the government was not arbitrable in terms of the arbitration clause contained therein and clause 63 of the general conditions of the contract which G provided for exclusion because no claim clause was excepted as such claims were simply not entertainable. In view of the dis- ·~ cussions made hereinabove, we hold that the disputes raised by the respondents are arbitrable and not excepted from scope of arbitration. H

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13Copy pinpoint13. We feel that there are certain other issues that are to be discussed while disposing of this appeal. The respondent contended in its written submission filed before this court on 14th May, 2007 that the quantum of damages calculated by the appellant in respect of clause 16.2 of the tender document, sim- B ply cannot have the effect of rendering all the above disputes as not being arbitrable. We find that there is considerable merit in this argument. The true essence of any arbitration agreement is to arbitrate the matters in a cordial way in respect of issues where there is a dispute between the parties. To construe such c limited words in clause 16.2 as being so all encompassing would destroy the very foundation of the bargain between the parties. The appellant in the present case is acting in an unfair way by seeking to exclude, from arbitration, what it has agreed to arbi- trate in the first place.

14Copy pinpoint14. The appellant contended that it has the unilateral right to determine the Liquidated damages under clause 16.2 and that the quantum of Liquidated Damages decided by the ap- pellant, even if it is exorbitant, would be final and cannot be challenged. We find the contention of the respondent that if the E said contention of the appellant is supported, it would mean that a party would be held liable to damages of whatever amount the other party demands without recourse to a remedy, to be relevant and should be given due importance. Such a conten- tion by the appellant would be in violation of Section 28 and F Section 74 of the Indian Contract Act.

15Copy pinpoint15. The learned counsel of the appellants had submitted before this court that it was the appellant, which had the right to appoint the arbitrator. This submission cannot be accepted. The respondent had invoked the arbitration clause on the ground that there was no delay on its part by sending a letter to this ~ffect to the appellants on 24th of March, 2006. On 25th April, 2006, the appellants/BSNL replied stating that they had rightly recovered the Liquidated Damages and that the recovery of the damages was not arbitrable. The appointing authority in this matter, i.e., CGM Kerala, did not respond to the notice requir-

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. & ANR. v. 463 MOTOROLA INDIA PVT. LTD. [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]

ing the appointment of arbitrator and failed to act within theJime A prescribed under the Arbitration _and Conciliation Act 1996,. Since the appointing authority appointed no arbitrator, the re- spondenUMotorolla, on 25th. of May, 2006, filed a petition under Section 11 of the said Act before the High Court at Kerala. In the case of Oatar Switchgear vs. Data Finance Lt. [(2000) 8 B SCC 151), which was affirmed in Punj Llyod Ltd. vs. Petronet MHB Ltd. [(2006) 2 sec 638], it was held that once a minimum of 30 days is expired and a petition is filed to the court, the appointing authority loses the right to make the appointment. Therefore, the appellanUBSNL has now lost its right to appoint c any arbitrator for settling the disputes under the agreement.

16Copy pinpoint16. Further, CGM Kerala Circle has already taken a deci- sion as is evident from hisJetter dated 25th of April, 2006, that the appellant was right in ifTll?OSing the liquidated damages and therefore, the question of such a person becoming an arbitra- D tor does not arise as it would not satisfy the test of impartiality and independence as required under Section 12 of the Arbitra- tion and Conciliation Act, 1996. Moreover it would also defeat. the notions laid down under the principles of natural justice wherein it has been recognized that a party cannot be a judge in his own cause. The judgment of this Court in State of Karnataka vs. Shree Rameshwara Rice Mills, (1§HJ7) 2 SCC 160, is significant in this matter. The Court had stated: "..... Even assuming that the terms of Clause 12 afford scope for being construed as empowering the officer of the State to decide upon the question of breach as well as assess the quantum of damages, adjudication by the officer regarding the breach of the contract can not be sustaine9 under law because a party to the agreement cannot be an arbiter in his own cause. Interest of justice and equity require that where a party to a contract disputes the committing of any breach of conditions the adjudication should be by an independent person or body and not by the other party to the contract". H

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17Copy pinpoint17. The provision under clause 16.2 that quantification of the Liquidated Damages shall be final and cannot be challenged by the supplier Motorolla is clearly in restraint of legal proceed- ings under section 28 of the Indian Contracts Act. So the provi- sion to this effect has to be held bad. 8 18. Pursuant to· section 4 of the Arbitration and Concilia- tion Act, 1996, a party who knows that a requirement under the arbitration agreement has not been complied with and still pro- ceeds with the arbitration without raising an objection, as soon as possible, waives their right to object. The High Court had appointed an arbitrator in response to the petition filed by the appellant. At this point, the matter was closed unless further objections were to be raised. If further objections were to be made after this order, they should have been made prior to the first arbitration hearing. But the appellant had not raised any such objections. The appellant therefore had clearly failed to meet the stated requirement to object to arbitration without de- lay. As such their right to object is deemed to be waived.

19Copy pinpoint19. Finally we are of the opinion that the contention of the Respondent that Clause 62 referring to special clauses has an overriding effect on Clause 16.2, cannot be accepted .. There is in fact no conflict between clause 62 and 16.2. Clause 62 has two parts in it. One part referring to the Liquidated dam- ages and the other part refers to incentives in case the respon- dent/Motorolla performs its part of the contract within time. The F part dealing with Liquidated Damages under clause 62 in fact refers it back to clause 16.2 dealing with the quantification of Liquidated Damages. So it is apparent that there is no dispute between clause 62 and clause 16.2.

20Copy pinpoint20. For the reasons aforesaid, we are of the view that the High Court was justified in passing the impugned judgment and there is no infirmity in the impugned order for which we can .interfere with the order of the High Court. The appeal is there- fore dismissed. There will be no order as to costs. '- . H D.G. Appeal dismissed.