NORTHERN RAILWAY ADMINISTRATION, MINISTRY OF T- RAILWAY, NEW DELHI v. PATEL ENGINEERING COMPANY LTD.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Leave granted in all the Spe- E cial Leave Petitions

2Copy pinpoint2. Noticing two different views in two decisions of this Court in Ace Pipeline Contracts (P) Ltd. v. Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd. (2007 (5) SCC 304) and Union of India v. Bharat Battery Mfg. Co. F (P) Ltd. (2007 (7) SCC 684) the matter has been referred to a larger Bench and that is how these cases are before us.

3Copy pinpoint3. In both the decisions the question related to appoint- ment of arbitrator under Section 11 (6) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (in short the 'Act'). In Bharat Battery's G ... t case (supra) the earlier decision in Ace Pipeline's case (su- pra) was apparently not brought before the Bench as a result of which there appears to be some confusion. As noted above, the scope and ambit of Section 11 (6) of the Act relating to ap- pointment of arbitrator falls for consideration in these cases. H

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4Copy pinpoint4. The stand of Mr. Harish N Salve appearing for some of + + ' the parties in these appeals and Mr. B. Dutta, Additional Solici- tor General is that the true scope and ambit of Section 11 (6) has to be considered in the background of Section 28(3) and Section 34 of the Act. According to them, the agreed proce- B dure referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 11 has an excep- tion in sub-section (6) i.e. where the agreed procedure foils. Where there is no agreed procedure, sub-sections (3), (4) and (5) of Section 11 apply. It is pointed out that there are three clauses in sub-section (6) of Section 11. Clause (c) relates to c failure to perform function entrusted to a person including an institution and also failure to act under the procedure agreed upon by the parties. In other words, Clause (a) refers to parties to the agreement. Clause (c) relates to a person who may not be party to the agreement but has given consent to the agree- D ment. It is also pointed out that there is a statutory mandate to take necessary measures, unless the agreement on the appoint- ment procedure provided other means for securing the appoint- ment. It is, therefore, submitted that before the alternative is re- sorted to agreed procedure has to be exhausted. The agree- ment has to be given effect and the contract has to be adhered to as closely as possible. Corrective measures have to be taken first and the Court is the last resort. It is also pointed out that while appointing an Arbitrator in terms of sub-section (8) of Section 11, the Court has to give due regard to any qualifica- tion required for the Arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and other considerations as are likely to secure the appoint- ment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. It is pointed out that both these conditions are cumulative in nature. There- fore, the Court should not directly make an appointment. It has to ensure first that the provided remedy is exhausted and the G Court may ask to do what has not been done.

5Copy pinpoint5. In response, Mr. Ashok Desai, learned senior counsel f ..... appearing for some of the parties who have sought for appoint- ment of Arbitrator submitted that the expression 'due regard' relates to some of the factors which have to be considered and H

NORTHERN RAILADMIN., MINISTRY OF RAIL, N. DELHI 221 v. PATEL ENGINEERING COMPANY LTD. [Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] .., + it is not mandatory that the qualifications and the considerations A as referred to in sub-section (8) of Section 11 perforce have to be applied. It is a question of degree of the parameters of con- side ration.

6Copy pinpoint6. With reference to the earlier scheme under the Arbitration Act, 1940 {in short the 'Old Act') it is stated that the party is forced B .A to move the Court because of request being refused to appoint

... - named Arbitrator and, therefore, the Court in terms of sub-section (8) of Section 11 is not constrained to appoint any arbitrator.

7Copy pinpoint7. Section 11 reads as follows: c "Appointment of arbitrators- (1) A person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, .unless otherwise agreed by the parties. (2) Subject to sub-section (6), the parties are free to D J agree on a procedure for appointing the arbitrator or >i arbitrators. (3) Failing any agreement referred to in sub-section (2), in an arbitration with three arbitrators, each party E shall appoint one arbitrator, and the two appointed arbitrators shall appoint the third arbitrator who shall act as the presiding arbitrator. (4) If the appointment procedure in sub-section (3) applies and- F (a) a party fails to appoint an arbitrator within thirty days from the receipt 9f a request to do so from the other party; or (b) the two appointed arbitrators fail to agree on G

- \ the third arbitrator within thirty days from the date of their appointment, the appointment shall be made, upon request of a party, by the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him. H

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A (5) Failing any agreement referred to iri sub-section (2), in an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties fail to agree on the arbitrator within thirty days from receipt of a request by one party from the other party to so agree the appointment shall be made, upon request of a party, by the Chief Justice or any person B or institution designated by him. (6) Where, under an appointment procedure agreed

c upon by the parties,- (a) a party fails to act as required under that procedure; or • i

(b) the parties, or the two appointed arbitrators, fail to reach an agreement expected of them under that procedure; or

D (c) a person, including an institution, fails to perform any function entrusted to him or it under that procedure, a party may request the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him to take E the necessary measure, unless the agreement on the appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment. (7) A decision on a matter entrusted by sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) or subsection (6) to the Chief F Justice or the person or institution designated by him is final. (8) The Chief Justice or the person or institution designated by him, in appoi'nting an arbitrator, shall have due regard to- G (a) any qualifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties; and (b) other considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an indep~ndent and impartial arbitrator.

NORTHERN RAILADMIN., MINISTRY OF RAIL, N. DELHI 223 v. PATEL ENGINEERING COMPANY LTD. [Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] -t (9) In the case of appointment of sole or third arbitrator in an international commercial arbitration, the Chief Justice of India or the person or institution designated by him may appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties where the parties belong to different nationalities. 8 (10) The Chief Justice may make such scheme as he A, may deem appropriate for dealing with matters

• entrusted by sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) or sub-section (6) to him. ( 11) Where more than one request has been made under c sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) or sub-section (6) to the Chief Justices of different High Courts or their designates, the Chief Justice or his designate to whom the request has been first made under the D relevant sub-section shall alone be competent to -" decide on the request. .... (12) (a) Where the matters referred to in sub-sections (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) and (10) arise in an international commercial arbitration the referel'lce to "Chief Justice E in those sub-sections shall be construed as a reference to the "Chief Justice of India". (b) Where the matters referred to in sub-sections (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) and (10) arise in any other arbitration, the reference to "Chief Justice" in those F sub-sections shall be construed as a reference to, the Chief Justice of the High Court within whose local limits the principal Civil Court referred to in clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section 2 is situate and, where the High Court itself is the court referred to in G

- -\ that clause, to the Chief Justice of that High Court."

8Copy pinpoint8. The crucial sub-sections are sub-sections (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6).

9Copy pinpoint9. Sub-sections (3) to (5) refer to cases where there is no H

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A agreed procedure. Sub-section (2) provides that subject to sub- section (6) the parties are free to agree on a procedure for ap- pointing the arbitrator or arbitrators. Sub-section (6)··sets out the contingencies when party may request the Chief Justice or <:my person or institution designated by him to take necessary B measures unless the agreement on the appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment. The con- tingencies contemplated in sub-section (6) statutorily are (i) a party fails to act as required under agreed procedure or (ii) the parties or the two appointed arbitrators fail to reach an agree- C ment expected of them under that procedure or (iii) a person including an institution fails to perform any function er:ltrusted to • him or it under the procedure. In other words, the third contin- gency does not relate to the parties to the agreement or the appointed arbitrators.

10Copy pinpoint10. The crucial expression in sub-section (6) is "a party may request the Chief Justice or any person or institution des- ignated by him to take the necessary measures" (underlined "' for emphasis). This expression has to read alongwith require- ment in sub-section (8) that the Chief Justice or the person or E .an institution designated by him in appointing an arbitrator shall have "due regard" to the two cumulative conditions relating to qualifications and other considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. 11 . A bare reading of the scheme of Section 11 shows F that the emphasis is on the terms of the agreement being ad- hered to and/or given effect as closely as possible. In other words, the Court may ask to do what has not been done. The court must first ensure that the remedies provided for are ex- hausted. It is true as contended by Mr. Desai, that it is not man- G datory for the Chief Justice or any person or institution desig- nated by him to appoint the named arbitrator or arbitrators. But t- -- at the same time, due regard has to be given to the qualifica- tions required by the agreement and other considerations.

12Copy pinpoint12. The expression 'due regard' means that prope·r atten- H

NORTHERN RAILADMIN., MINISTRY OF RAIL, N. DELHI 225 v. PATEL ENGINEERING COMPANY LTD. [Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] -t tion to several circumstances have been focussed. The expres- A sion 'necessary' as a general rule can be broadly stated to be those things which are reasonably required to be done or le- gally ancillary to the accomplishment of the intended act. Nec- essary measures can be stated to be the reasonable steps re- quired to be taken. B

13Copy pinpoint13. In all these cases at hand the High Court does not appear to have focussed on the requirement to have due re- gard to the qualifications required by the agreement or other considerations necessary to secure the appointment of an in- dependent and impartial arbitrator. It needs no reiteration that C appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators named in the arbi- tration agreement is not a must, but while making the appoint- ment the twin requirements of sub-section (8) of Section 11 have to be kept in view, considered and taken into account. If it is not done, the appointment becomes vulnerable. In the circurri- 0 stances, we set aside the appointment made in each case, re- mit the matters to the High Court to make fresh appointments keeping in view the parameters indicated above.

14Copy pinpoint14. The appeals are disposed of accordingly. E N.J. Appeals disposed of.