P.A. NARYANAN v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DR ANAND, J. Special Leave granted. The appellant is aggrieved by the judgment of the High Court dated 1st July, 1991 by which his appeal c against summary dismissal of Writ Petition No. 2048 of 1985. was dismissed.

It is an unfortunate case. The wife of the appellant Smt. Shantadevi was at the relevant time working as a Senior Lecturer in English. On 3rd January, 1981, the fateful day, sha left for her college and travelled, as usual, by D ~ Harbour Line local train to Bandra from Kings Circle. From Bandra, she boarded Western Railway local train for Andberi. She was travelling on a first class railway pass in the first class ladies' compartment. Before she could reach her destination at Andberi, she was criminally assaulted and also robbed of her gold chain, three bangles and a wrist watch between Bandra and Andberi railway station while the train was in motion. She pulled the E alarm chain but despite of the ringing of the alarm bell neither the guard nor t11e motorman stopped the train. She ultimately succumbed to the injuries in the compartment. The guard, in his statement recorded during the criminal trial by the learned Additional -Sessions Judge, Bombay, admitted that "After I heard the bell. I looked to the eastern and western side of the train and I could F ~ not find any untoward incident, Meanwhile the driver had reduced his speed of the train and asked me by giving two beats whether train should stop or not. In reply I gave two beats asking the driver to proceed as there was no necessity to stop the train." The guard went on to admit that because of clearance for the signal not having been obtained, the train stopped towards the south of gate no. 22 for about a minute and "even at that time the bell G in tltls cabin was ringing". The train reaclJed platform no. 4 of Andberi railway J station at 10.47 a.m. At Andberi railway station, the guard came near the ladies' first class compartment from where the alarm chain had been pulled. He peeped inside and found that a woman was lying in a pool of blood, On being asked. H

902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A "Q. When you heard the warning bell of the alarm, did you give instruction to the driver to stop the train ?"

The guard replied:

"Ans. No." B So far as the motonnan is concerned, his evidence is almost on the same lines as that of the guard. The accused who were absconding were ...... subsequently tried but we are not concened at the moment with the outcome of the trial of that case. ,

C The appellant madr a representation to the Chainnan, Railway Board on 29th March, 1981 requesting for compensation for the death of his wife. His representation was rejected by respondent no. 2 who infonned him that the liability of the railways could arise only in case of railway accidents and not where death takes place as a result of an attempted murder in a running train. The appellant's writ petition and writ appeal thereafter failed in the High D Court. Hence this appeal. r- We have heard learned counsel for the parties and Dr. Singhvi, whom we had requested to act as amicus curiae in this case.

From the evidence of the guard and the motonnan, it is quite obvious E that despite the pulling of the alarm chain the train was not made to stop. The whole pmpose of providing alarm chain in the compartments of a railway train was, thus, frustrated. This Court can tak~ judicial notice of the fact, that if an alarm chain is wrongly pulled, the person responsible for pulling it is liable to be fined.

F There is a common law duty of taking reasonable care which must be attached to all carriers including the railways. In this case, there has been a breach of that duty and the negligence on the part of the railway staff is writ large. Had the train been stopped and first-aid provided when the alarm chain was pulled, the possibility that the deceased may not have met her death, even after the assault in the course of robbery, is a possibility which we cannot totally rule out. The manner in which the guard and the motonnan acted exposes a total casual approach on their part, Because of the failure of those railway officials, a precious life has been lost.

Our attention has been drawn by Dr. Singhvi, the learned amicus, curiae to the Railways Act. 1989 which came into force on 1st July, 1990 to

P.A. NARAYANANv. U.O.I. [DR.ANAND, J.] 903

urge that the new Act which extensively modifies, amends and consolidates the old 1890 Act, unequivocally incorporates the concept of liability of the railway administration for death and/or injury to passengers due to any untoward incident while travelling in the train. Section 123(c) of the Railways Act, 1989 defines and "untoward incident" and inter alia provides the making of a violent attack or the commission of robbery or dacoity as an "untoward incident". According to the learned amicus curiae, the case of the appellant was required to be considered on the basis of res ipsa locquitor (thing speaks for itself) rather than on narrow technicalities based on the provisions of the Railways Act, 1890.

Mr. Goswami, learned counsel appearing for the railway administration does not dispute that under the new Act, there is statutcry liability on the railways but submits that the 1989 Act does not have any retrospective operation. We do not wish to go into that question in these case and leave that issue open. We are resting our case on the breach of common law duty of reasonable care, which lies upon all carriers including the railways. The standard of care is high and strict. It is not a case where the omission on the part of the railway officials can be said to be wholly unforeseen or beyond their control. Here there has been a complete dereliction of duty which resulted in a precious life been taken away, rendering the guarantee under Article 2 l of the Constitution illusory. Had the deceased not pulled the alarm chain with a view to stop the train, the position might have been different. Liability in this case is fault based. Such a liability is not inconsistent with the scheme of the Railways Act of 1890 either (Refer Section 80 with advantage). The proof of a fault in this case is strong and Mr. Goswami has not rightly challenged it either. To relegate the appellant to approach the Railway Claims Tribunal or the Civil Court, as suggested by Mr. Goswami does not appear to us to be proper. More than 17 years have already gone by since the f ,J occurrence and, therefore, it appears appropriate to us to give a quietus to this litigation now.

In the established facts and circumstances of this particular case, keeping in view the evidence of the guard and the motorman and with a view to do complete justice between the parties, it appears appropriate to us to award G a sum of Rs. 2,00,00 (Rupees two lakhs) as compensation to the appellant for the death of his wife. This amount shall be in addition to Rs. 50.000 (Rupees fifty thousand) which had been given by the State Government in 1989 as ex- gratia in favour of the son of the appellant. The amount of Rs. 2 lakhs shall be paid to the appellant on or before 3 lst March, 1998. H

p. 904 Copy page pinpoint

A This appeal, therefore, succeeds and is allowed. The judgment of the High Court is set aside. No costs.

Before parting with the case, we wish to place on record our appreciation for the valuable assistance rendered to us by Dr. Singhvi, the earned amicus curiae. B R.K.S. Appeal allowed.