UNIVERSAL RADIATORS, COIMBATORE v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, TAMIL NADU

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

R.M. SAHAI, J. Legal issues that arise for consideration in this appeal, directed against the decision of the High Court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Tamil Nadu v. Universal Radiators, (1979) 120 ITR 906 on questions of law referred to it in a reference· under the Income Tax Act . ..J., (in brief 'the Act') are, if the excess amount paid to the assessee due to fluctuation in exchange rate was taxable either because the payment being related to trading activity it could not be excluded under Section 10(3) of

- the Act even if it was casual and non-recurring in nature or it was stock-in-trade, therefore, taxable as revenue receipt or in any case the compensation for the loss of goods could not be deemed anything but profit. F ~. Shorn of details the assessee, a manufacturer of radiators for automobiles booked copper ingots from a corporation in the United States of America for being brought to Bombay·where it was to be rolled into r strips and sheets and then despatched to assessee for being used for manufacture. While the ingots were at sea, hostilities broke·out between G India and Pakistan and, the vessel carrying the goods was seized by the y- authorities in Pakistan. The claim of the assessee for the price paid by it for the goods was ultimately settled in its favour by the insurer in America.

Meanwhile the Indian Rupee had been devalued and, therefore, in terms of rupees the appellant firm got Rs. 3,43,556 as against their payment H

780 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) 2 $.C.R. }'-

A of Rs. 2,00,164 at the old. rate. The difference was credited to profit on devaluation in the Profit and Loss Account. The claim of the appellant that the difference being a casual receipt and non-recurring in nature, it was not liable to tax, was not accepted by the Income Tax Officer. In appeal the Appellate Assistant Commissioner was of opinion that the receipt was ..., one which did not arise directly from carrying on business by the assessee B but was incidental to it. But he did not find any merit. in the submission that the ultimate realisation was in nature of capital gains and not revenue receipt. In further appeal the Tribunal held that when the goods were , seized by the Pakistan authorities the character of the goods changed and it became sterlised and, therefore, it ceased to be stock-in-trade of the ·- c assessee. The Tribunal held that the devaluation surplus was in nature of. capital receipt and not a profit made by the assessee in course of business. ,,... It further found that the money which came to the assessee-was as a result of the settlement of the insurance claim and, therefore, the profit that resulted from it could not. be considered to have arisen in normal course of business. When the matter came to the High Court, in its advisory D jurisdiction, at the instance of the department, on the following questions of law,

(i) Weiher, on the facts and in the circumstances of the ' case, the Appellate Tribunal was right in law, in holding ..>- E that the devaluation surplus earned by the assessee con- sequent to the settlement of the claim by the insurance company is not assessable as revenue receipt for the assessment year 1%7-68 ? - F (ii) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was right in holding that the ,,,, profit earned by the assessee on account of devaluation of Indian Currency was not in the course of carrying on of the business or incidental to the business ?

G It did not agree with the Tribunal as according tci it if the assessee had got the goods imported into India and sold them it would have got higher -~

amount as a result of devaluation. Therefore, it held that there could be no dispute that the assessee was liable to pay tax on difference of the sale price and the cost. The High Court further held that the nature of the amount which came in the hands of the assessee was revenue receipt. It

UNIVERSAL RADIATORS v. C.I.T.(SAHAI,J.] 781

did not agree that the payment made to the assessee was otherwise than for business, as the whole transaction was part and parcel of the business carried on by the assessee and could not be described as extraneous to it.

·..,..- The High Court thus negatived the claim of assessee for two reasons, one, the difference in the cost price and the sale price, and the other, that it was revenue receipt. In observing that, 'If the assessee had got the goods imported into India and had sold them at a higher rate, which would have - ' increased as a result of devaluation, then there can be no dispute that the assessee would be liable to tax on the difference between the sale price and the cost', the High Court oversimplified the issue. May be any profit or gain accruing to an assessee as a result of difference between the sale c "( price and the cost price in a year is income. And by that yardsti~k the devaluation surplus, irrespective of any other consideration, may be receipt which in common parlance may be income. But liability to pay tax under the Act arises on the income accruing to an assessee in a year. The word 'income', ordinarily in normal sense, connotes any earning or profit or gain periodically, regularly or even daily in whatever manner and from whatever source. Thus it is a word of very wide import. Clause (24) of Section 2 of the Act is legislative recognition of its elasticity. Its scope has been widened ,.(_ from time to time by extending it to varied nature of income. Even before it was defined as including profits, gains, dividends and contributions received by a trust it was held to be a word, 'of broadest connotation' which could not be 'understood in restricted or technical sense'. The wide mean-

-· ing of the word was explained by this Court. in Raghuvanshi Mills Ltd., Bombay v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bambay City, (1952) 22 JTR 484 and it was emphasised that the expression, 'from whatever source derived' widened the net. But exigibility to !ax is not the same as liability to pay tax. -~ F The former depends on charge created by the Act and latter on computa- tion in accordance with the provisions in the Act and the rules. Surplus in consequence of devaluation of the currency was undoubtedly receipt, but the liability to pay tax on it could arise only if it was income for purposes of the Act and was not liable to be excluded from computation under any of the provisions of the Act or the rules framed thereunder. Section 10 of G ( the Act provided for exclusion of certain income from computation. One of its sub-section, which is relevant for this appeal, during the period under dispute, stood as under,

"In computing the total income of a previous year of any H

782 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] 2 S.C.R. ..\..-

A person, any income falling within any of the following clauses shall not be included - .................

(3) any receipts which are of a casual and non-recurring nature, unless they are -

(ii) receipts arising from business or the exercise of a profession or occupation; or. - ("') Ill " c OOOOOOMOOOO•OOOOOO

In substantive clause, an income which was casual and non-recurring in -y- nature was excluded from being charged as income of the assessee. Due to use of word, 'and', existence of both the conditions was mandatory. Absence of any disentitled the assessee from claiming any benefit under D the clause. 'Casual' according to dictionary means 'accidental or irregular'. this meaning was approved by this Court in Ramanathan Chettiar v. Com- missioner of Income Tax, Madras, (1967) 63 ITR 458. Non-recurring is one which is not likely to occur again in a year. But an income even after satisfying the two conditions-may still not have been liable to be excluded if it fell in one of the exceptions carved out by the proviso. In other words, >--- E the receipt should not only have been casual and non-recurring only but it should not have been 'receipts arising from business'. To put it th~ other way, if an income arose in the usual course of business, then it would not have been liable for exclusion even if it was casual or non-recurring in nature. 'Casual', as explained earlier, means accidental or irregular. But if F the irregular or the accidental income arose as a result of business activity, ....__ then even if it was non-recurring, it may not have fallen outside the revenue net The real test, therefore, was the nature and character of income which accrued to the assessee. The casual nature of it or non-recurring nature were only aids to decide if the nature of income was in the course of business or otherwise. In Raghuvanshi Mills Ltd. (Supra) it was held by this G Court that a receipt even if it was casual and non-recurring in nature would ~- be liable to tax if it arose from business. 'Business' has b_een defined in Clause' 13 of Section 2 of the Act as including 'any trade, commerce or manfacture or any adventure or concern in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture'. In Barendra Prasad Ray and Ors. v. Income Tax Officer, H (1981) 129 ]TR 295 it has been held, by this Court, that the expression,

UNIVERSAL RADIATORS v. C.l.T. [SAHA!, J .] 783

'business' is of very wide import and it means an activity carried on A continuously and systematically by a person by the application of his labour and skill with a view to earning the income. The width of the definition has been recognised, by this Court, even in S. G. Mercantile Corporation Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax (1972) 83 !TR 700 and Commissioner ,... of Income Tax v. Calcutta National Ba11k, (1959) 37 !TR 171. And even a B single venture has been held to amount to business and the profit arising out of such a venture has been held to be taxable as income arising from

- business. In Commissioner of Income Tax, Mysore v. Canara Bank Ltd., (1%7) LXIII !TR 328 it was held, by this Court, that where money was lying idle and the blocked balance was not employed for internal operation or for business by the bank the profit accruing (o the assessee on the blo~ked capital due to fluctuation in exchange rate could not be held to be ·"( income arising out of business activity or trading operation. The ratio reflects the rationale implicit in sub-section (3) of Section 10 of the Act. An income which was casual in nature could be brought in the revenue net only if it arose from business. In other worc;Is the receipt or profit of the nature covered by Section 10(3) could be brought to tax if it was result of any business activity carried on by the assessee.

The assessee carried on business of manufactui:ing radiators and not ...J.,, ingots. They were imported to be converted into strips and sheets at - Bombay. The link which could create direct relationship between the E \ finished goods and raw material was snapped even before it reached Bombay. Payment made for loss of such goods did not bear any nexus with the assessee's business. May be that if it would have reached, it could have been after conversion into strips and sheets used as raw material. But so long it did not reach Bombay and was not converted into raw material, the connection it bore with the assessee's business was remote. And any ~payment made in respect of it could not be said to accrue from business. In Strong and Company of Romsay, Limited v. Woodifield (Surveyor of Taxes), 5 Tax Cases p.215, a converse case where the assessee claimed deduction of certain payments made to a customer, for the injury caused to him by falling off a chimney due to the assessee's servant's negligence, it was held, y- "it does not follow that if a loss is in any sense connected with the trade, it must always be allowed as a deduction; for it may be only remotely connected with the trade or H

784 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] 2 S.C.R.

A it may be connected with something else quite as much as or even more than with the trade. I think only such losses can be deducted as are connected with it in the sense that they are really incidental to the trade itself.''

The word 'from' according to dictionary means 'out or. The income '( B thus should have accrued out of the business carried on by the assessee. An income directly or ancillary to the business may be an income from business, but any income to an assessee carrying on business does not

c become an inoome from business unless the necessary relationship between the two is established. What was lost on the seas was not raw material, but something which was capable of being converted into ra"'. material. The - necessary nexus between ingots and radiators which could have resulted in income from ingots never came into being. Thus any devaluation surplus y arising out of payment paid for loss of ingots could not be treated as income from business of the assessee. D For deciding the next aspect, namely, if the excess payment due to devaluation could be treated as r·evenue receipt, two questions arise, One, if the ingots were stock-in-trade and other the effect in law of its being blocked or sterlised. Stock-in-trade is goods or commodity in ~hich the assessee deals in course of business activity. Good or commodity may be E capital or r.evenue depending on if it is ·bought ·or sold or is used or )-._ exploited by the assessee. Since the ingots by itself were not raw material and were not usable by the assessee for the business of manufacturing

F radiators, u.nless they were converted into strips and sheets, they could not be treated as stock-in-trade. The buying of the ingots by the assessee was not a part of its trading activity. Income from goods purchased for business - is not an income from business. Ratio in State Bank of India v. Commis- ,;._ sioner of Income Tax, Emakulam, (1986) 157 !TR 67 relied on behalf of department is not helpful as the Bank of Cochin, as part of its banking business, had been purchasing cheque payment orders, mail transfers, demand cl.rafts etc. drawn in foreign currencies which were sold or en- G cashed through assessee correspondent banks in foreign currencies con- cerned and proceeds credited to the current account of the assessee and therefore the foreign exchange was held to be stocl<-in-trade of the asses- ~/

see, and any increase in value of foreign currency resulting in excess credited to the assessee's account as a result of devaluation was held to be H in consequence of assessee's business activity.

, UNIVERSAL RADIATORSv. C.I.T. [SAHA!, l.] 785 ~ Even assuming it was stock-in-trade, it was held by this Court in A Commissioner of Income Tax v. Canara Bank Ltd., (supra) that stock-in- trade, if it gets blocked and sterlised and no trading activity could be carried. with it, then it ceased to be stock-in-trade, and any devaluation surplus arising on such capital due to exchange rate would be capital and r not revenue. Applying the ratio of this case, the copper ingots, which even if assumed to be stock-in-trade, were blocked and sterlised due to hos- B tilities between India and Pakistan, and, therefore, it ceased to be stock-

- in-trade and any surplus arising due to exchange ratio in the circumstances was capital receipt only.

Coming to the issue whether devaluation surplus earned by the c assessee consequent on the settlement of the claim by the insurance -~ ·. company could be treated as revenue receipt, it may be stated that taxability on profit or deduction for loss depends on whether profit or loss arises in course of business. The courts have maintained a distinction between insurance against loss of goods and insurance against loss of profits. The latter is undoubtedly taxable as is clear from the decision in Ragliuvanslti Mills (supra) where any amount paid by the insurance com- pany 'on account of loss of profit' was held taxable. But what happens where the insurance company pays any amount against loss of goods. Does it by virtue of compensation become profit and is taxable as such. Taxability -~ of the amount paid on settlement of claim by the insurance company depends both on the nature of payment and purpose of insurance. Ragltuvanslti Mills' decision is an authority for the proposition where the

- very purpose of insurance itself is profit or gain. Result may be the same where the payment is made for goods in which the assessee carried on business. Any payment being accretion from business, the excess or surplus accruing for any reason may be nothing but profit. (see Tlie King v. B.C. . ....i.___ Fir and Cedar Lumber Company, Ltd. 1932 AC 441, Green (HM Inspector of Taxes) v. J. Gliksten & Son, Ltd. Reports of Tax Gases Vol.14 p.365, Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bombay City-Ill v. Popular Metal Works & Rolling Mills (1983) ITR Vol. 142 p.361. But where payment is made to compensate for loss of use of any goods in which the assessee does not carry on any business or the payment is a just equivalent of the cost t- incurred by the a$sessee, but excess accrues due to fortuitous circumstan- ces or is a windfall, then the accrual may be a receipt, but it would not be income arising from business, and, therefore, not taxable under the Act. In ...., Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. William •s' Executors, 26 Tax Cases p.23, H

786 SUPREME COURTREPOFTS (1993] 2 S.C.R.

A the distinction was explained thus,

"A manufacturer can, of c6urse, insure his factory against fire. The receipts from that insurance will obviously be capital receipts. But supposing he goes further, as the manufacturer did in that case, and insures himself against B the loss of profits which he will suffer while his factory is out of action; it seems to me it is beyond question that sums received in respect of that insurance against loss of

C profits must be of a revenue nature.11

The assessee did not carry on business of buying and selling ingots. - The compensation paid. to the assessee was not for any trading or business activity, but just equivalent in money of the goods lost by the assessee which it was prevented from using. The excess arose on such payment in respect ..r of goods in which the assessee did not carry on any business. Due to fortuitous circumstances of devaluation of currency, but not due to any business or trading activity the amount could not be brought lo tax.

The Appellate Tribunal in the instant case had found,

"the profit on account of devaluation is not business profit or income as it has nothing to do with the business or trading activity of the assessee. The profit arose since the ' claim was settled by the Insurance Company and the Indian rupee was devalued. Even without paying for the goods contracted for, the assessee by an extraordinary set of fortuitous circumstances earned a profit which by its - F very nature is causal and non-recurring. In this view of the matter the profit cannot be charged to tax."

The High Court of Kerala in Commissioner of Income Tax v. Union Engineering Works, (1976) 105 !TR 311 held : G "In the' instant case, the excess profit, as found by the Tribunal, was- not a receipt arising from business; _nor was it, as admitted on both sides, capital gains. This was part . of the compensation received by the assessee from the ·". insurer for damage caused to its goods. Tl.e claim for the compensation for damage caused to the goods had.-been

UNIVERSAL RADIATORS v. CJ.T. (SAHAI, J.}

settled with the insurer and the sum so Settled did not include any excess profit. The excess profit arose entirely due to the devaluation. This excess amount was in the nature of a windfall, being the unexpected fruit of devalua~ tion, and it can.not, therefore, be regarded as a receipt arising from business though it may be said in a sense to be a receipt in the course of business. We hold that the B Tribunal had correctly held that the sum of Rs.1-3,455.75 received by the assessee was not a recipt arising from its business · within the meaning of section 10(3)(ii) of the Income Tax Act, 1961."

We are of the view that on the facts of that case, the High Court oE c Kerala was right in law in upholding the findings of the Tribunal, .while on the facts found in the instant case, the High Court of Madras was wrong in law in reversing .the well-considered order of the Tribunal.

For reasons stated by us this appeal suceeds and is allowed. Both the D questions referred by the Tribunal to the High Court are answered in the affirmative, i.e., in favour of assessee and against the department. The assessee shall be entitled to its costs.

N.V.K. Appeal allowed.