,A SMT. SURINDAll KAUR SANDHU v. HARBAX SINGH SANDHU & ANR. April II, 1984 8 [V.V. Cl!ANDRACHUD, C.J, AND SABYASACl!I MUKHARJf, J,j · Hindu MlnoTity ·ancl Guardiahshtp Act, J9S6·1Vec•iOn 6-Interpretalion

F The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

CHANDRACHUD C. J., : The appellant, Surinder Kaur Sandhu, is the wife of respondent l; Harbax Singh Sandhu. Respondent 2 is the father of respondent l. , Appellant and respondent I were married in 1975 at Bodni Kalan,. District Faridkot, Punjab, accor- G ding to Sikh rites. Soon after the m11_rriage they left for . England, where a boy named Pritpal Singh was born to them on October 24, 1976. Within a short period after the bitth of the boy, the· relation- ship lietween the spouses came under a strain resulting in 'a serious episode. The husband was trapped by the Berkshire Police who H got the scent that he was negotiating with a hitman to have the wife . run over by a car., - The husband was.convicted . and . sentenced

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s. R;. SANDHU v. H. s. SANDHU (Chandrachud, c. J.) 42;

to a term of three years for that offence. Ironically, it was the A ·wife who intervened and succeeded in obtaining a pr-0bation order for the man who had attempted to procure her murder. The husband was released on. probation on· February 4, 1982. The period of probation expired on December 24, 1982. . •· ' On January 31, I'l83, while the wife was away .at work, the B husband remove<) the boy from England and brought him to India. On the same date, the wife obtained an.order under section 41 of of the Supreme Court ·Act, · 1981 under which the boy became the Ward of the Court with effect from that date. That order was confirmed on July 22, 1983 by Mrs. Justice Boo\h of the High Court of Justice (Family Division). By the said order, the c husband was directed to haud over the custody of the ininor boy to the wife or her agent forthwith.

The wife came to-India ii} April 1983. On May 5, 1983 she filed a petition under section 97 oHhe Code of Criminal Procedure. in the Court of the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, D Jagraon. She asked for the custody of her son, contending t)lat he was in the illegal custody of the respondents. Section 97 authorises the Magistrate to direct a search to be made for persons wrongfully lonfined and, on ·their being found, to be produced _in the Court in order to facilitate the passing of Stich order as the circumstances of the case may .require. The respondents relied. E upon section 6 of the Hindu Minority ·and Guardianship Act, 1956, and opposed the petition on the ground that Respondent I . was the natural guardian of the minor boy. Accepting that con- tention, the learned Magistrate dismissed the petition; leaving the question of the custody of the child to be decided in an. appro- F priate proceeding. , The wife·then went back to England to resume her work and obtained the order dated July 22, 1983 to which we have already referred. She came back to India once again, this time armed with _the aforesaid order of the English High Court. She then filed tb.e present writ petition in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana, G. ~ asking for the production and custody of her minor son. The learned single iudge of the High Court who dealt with · th.e petition JUlide an excellent effort to bring about a rapproache- ment between the spouses but, ,he did not succeed. He questioned the boy more than once and he even presi1aded the spouses to live • together for a couple of days in· the· house 'or the lnspector General H of Prisons;Haryana. · The spouses reported back to him that they

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' 426 SUPREME COURT REPORTS , ,'(i984) 3 s,.C.R. ·A were unable to resolve their differences.

The iearn_ed Judge dismissed the wife's' petition on the · grounds, inter alia·, that her st~tus in England is that of a foreigner, a factory worker and a wife living separately from the' husband: that she had no relatives in England; and that, the child would B have to live in lonely and dismal surroundings in England. On • t]\e other hand, according to the learned. Judge, the father had gone through a traumatic experi,ence of a conviccion on a criminal charge; that he was back home i.n an atmosphere which welcomed him; that his parents were in affluent circumstances; and that, tpe c child would grow iu an atmosphere of self-confidence and self· respect if he was permitted to live with them.

Some of these circumstances mentioned by the learned Judge · are not beside the point but, their comparative assessment is diffi· cult to accept as made,. For example, the 'traumatic expei;ience of a conviction on a criminal charge' i~ riot a factor in favour of the father, especially when his conduct following immediately upon his release on probation shows that the experience has 11ot chas· • tened him. On the ·whole, 'we are unable to agree that the welfare of the boy requires that he should live with his father or with· llie grand-parents. The father is a man without a charscter who offered solicitation to the commission of his wife's murder. The wife obtained an order of probation for him but, he abused her magnanimity by running away with the boy soon· after the pro- ·, bationary period was over. Even in that act, he displayed a singular la.ck of respect for Jaw by obtaining a duplicate passport for the boy on an untrue representation that the original passport .. F was lost. The original passport was, to his knowledge, in the keeping; of his wife. In this background, we do not. regard the aJlluence of the husband's par,nts to be 'a circumstance· of such overwhelming importance as t,0 tilt the balance in favour of the father on the question of what is truly for the welfare of the minor. At any rate,· we are unable to agree that it will be less G for the welfare of the minor if he lived with his mother. He was whisked· away .froni ii.er and the question is whether, .there are any circun,stances to support the· view that -the new environment' in which he is wrongfully brought is niore conducive. fo his welfare. He is about .8 years of age and the lovirig care of the mother ought not to be denied to him. The father is made of coarse stulf. The • H mother earns an income of £100 a week, whicl:i is certainly not · large_by English standards, but is not so low as uot to· enable her,

' • s: K..SANDHu v. it. s. S/\,NDHU (Chandrachud, c. J.) to take reasonable care of the boy. A . Section 6 of the Hindu Minority and Guardia!Jship A~t. 1956 .-constitutes .the father as the natural guardian of a minor son. But that provision cannot supersede the pai:amount consideration as to what is conducive to tho welfare of the minor. As the matters are , .. presented' to us to-day, the. boy, from his own point. of view, ought to be in the custody of the mother. B We may· add !hat the spouses had set up their matrimonial home in England where the wife was·working as a clerk and the ., husband as a bus driver. The boy is a British citizen, having .been borr in: England, and he holds a British passport. It cannot" be controverted that, in these circumstances, the English Court had jurisdiction t.o decide the question of his custody. The modern c theory of Conflict otLaws recognises and; in any .event, prefers the jurisdiction of the State which has the most intimate contact v.ith the issues arising iµ the .case. Jurisdiction is not attracted by the operation or creation of fortuitous circumstances such as the circumstance as to where the child, whose custody is in issue, is brought or for the time being lodged. ·To allow the assumption Of jurisdiction by another State ,ir, such circumstances will only remit in encouraging t'orum-shopping. Ordinarily, jurisdiction must follow upon functional lines. That is to say, for example, that. in matters relating to matrimony and custody, the law of that place ·must govern which has the closest concern with the well-being of the spouses and the welfare of the otfsprings of marriage. The spouses in this case had made Engjnd their .home where this boy was · born to them: The father cannot deprive the English Court of its jurisdiction to decide upon his custody by removing him to India, not in the. normal m9vement of the matrimonial )lome but, by an act which was gravely detrimental to the peace .of that home. The fact that the matrimonial home of the spouses was m England, establishes sufficient contacts or1ies with that ·'State in order to make it reasonable and jnst for the Courts of • that state to ·assume jurisdiction to enforce obligations which were incurred therein by the spouses.,. (See lntejnational Shoe Company v. State of Washington, (l) which was not a matrimouial case but which is regarded as the fountainhead of the subsequent develop· me~ts ofjurisdictional issues like the one involved in the instant case.) It is our duty and function to protect the wife against the burden of litigating in an -inconvenient forum which she and her husband had left voluntarily in order to make their· 1iv1ng in . -) England, where they gave birth to this unfortunate boy . .H (I) 90 L. Ed. 95 [1945]

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS • ii984j 3 s.c.l\. • For these reasons, we set asid; the judgment of the High Court and direct that the custody of the child shall be handed over to the appellant-mother. lhat shall he done during the course of fuis day. ,

The High Court has referred to the evidence showing that the .B · ·annual income of the father's family is in the range of Rs. 90,000. That would justify an order directiug the respondents to pay a sum· of Rs. 3,000 (three thousand) to the appellant for her costs of this appeal.

Order accordingly, c S. R. Appeal allowed.

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